Abstract
Core Ideas Aerated irrigation improved soil aeration, increasing oxygen concentration and air‐filled porosity. Aerated irrigation enhanced soil, microbial, and root respiration and microbe abundance. Soil oxygen, air‐filled porosity correlated with respiration, microbe abundance. Aerated irrigation has economic benefits, promoting fruit yield and IWUE. Aerated irrigation (AI), by which aerated water is supplied to soil through subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), has shown high yield potential and application prospects. This study evaluated the impact of AI on soil aeration, respiration components, and microorganism abundance to determine the relationships between these parameters. Four treatments (W1AI, W2AI, W1CK, and W2CK) combining AI and nonaerated SDI (CK) and two irrigation levels (W1 and W2, with crop‐pan coefficients of 0.6 and 1.0) were conducted in a greenhouse during two tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) growing seasons in April to July in 2015 and 2016. The results showed that AI improved soil aeration conditions, with soil oxygen concentration and air‐filled porosity significantly increasing by 5.86 and 5.16%, respectively, compared with CK. The W1AI treatment increased soil, microbial, and root respiration as well as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi abundance by 18.8, 10.0, 23.4, 30.1, 29.4, and 30.1%, respectively, compared with W1CK, and W2AI significantly increased these by 24.2, 15.3, 28.7, 39.2, 39.3, and 37.1%, respectively, compared with W2CK. Moreover, the abundance of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi with W2AI significantly increased by 26.9, 27.1, and 24.8%, respectively, compared with W1AI. Soil oxygen concentration (under controlled soil temperature) and air‐filled porosity positively correlated with soil respiration and microorganism abundance. Mean fruit yield with AI was 22.4% higher than CK. Aerated irrigation therefore stimulated soil respiration and microbial proliferation by improving soil aeration conditions. Enhanced soil aeration, respiration, and microorganism abundance under AI provide economic benefit by improving fruit yield.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated irrigation increased soil oxygen concentration relative to CK.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- AIe0
- Outcome
- soil oxygen concentratione0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 5.86e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil oxygen concentration and air‐filled porosity significantly increasing by 5.86 and 5.16%, respectively, compared with CK”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated irrigation increased air‐filled porosity relative to CK.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AIe0
- Outcome
- air‐filled porositye0
- Direction
- increasinge0
- Value
- 5.16%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil oxygen concentration and air‐filled porosity significantly increasing by 5.86 and 5.16%, respectively, compared with CK”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
W1AI increased soil respiration relative to W1CK.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W1AIe0
- Outcome
- soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 18.8e0
- Comparator
- W1CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The W1AI treatment increased soil, microbial, and root respiration as well as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi abundance by 18.8, 10.0, 23.4, 30.1, 29.4, and 30.1%, respectively, compared with W1CK”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
W1AI increased microbial respiration relative to W1CK.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W1AIe0
- Outcome
- microbiale0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 10.0e0
- Comparator
- W1CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The W1AI treatment increased soil, microbial, and root respiration as well as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi abundance by 18.8, 10.0, 23.4, 30.1, 29.4, and 30.1%, respectively, compared with W1CK”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
W1AI increased root respiration relative to W1CK.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W1AIe0
- Outcome
- root respiratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 23.4e0
- Comparator
- W1CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The W1AI treatment increased soil, microbial, and root respiration as well as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi abundance by 18.8, 10.0, 23.4, 30.1, 29.4, and 30.1%, respectively, compared with W1CK”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
W1AI increased bacteria abundance relative to W1CK.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W1AIe0
- Outcome
- bacteriae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30.1e0
- Comparator
- W1CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The W1AI treatment increased soil, microbial, and root respiration as well as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi abundance by 18.8, 10.0, 23.4, 30.1, 29.4, and 30.1%, respectively, compared with W1CK”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
W1AI increased actinomycetes abundance relative to W1CK.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W1AIe0
- Outcome
- actinomycetese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 29.4e0
- Comparator
- W1CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The W1AI treatment increased soil, microbial, and root respiration as well as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi abundance by 18.8, 10.0, 23.4, 30.1, 29.4, and 30.1%, respectively, compared with W1CK”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
W1AI increased fungi abundance relative to W1CK.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W1AIe0
- Outcome
- fungi abundancee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 30.1%e0
- Comparator
- W1CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The W1AI treatment increased soil, microbial, and root respiration as well as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi abundance by 18.8, 10.0, 23.4, 30.1, 29.4, and 30.1%, respectively, compared with W1CK”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
W2AI increased soil respiration relative to W2CK.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W2AIe0
- Outcome
- soile1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24.2e0
- Comparator
- W2CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W2AI significantly increased these by 24.2, 15.3, 28.7, 39.2, 39.3, and 37.1%, respectively, compared with W2CK”
e1“The W1AI treatment increased soil, microbial, and root respiration as well as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi abundance by 18.8, 10.0, 23.4, 30.1, 29.4, and 30.1%, respectively, compared with W1CK”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
W2AI increased microbial respiration relative to W2CK.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W2AIe0
- Outcome
- microbiale1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15.3e0
- Comparator
- W2CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W2AI significantly increased these by 24.2, 15.3, 28.7, 39.2, 39.3, and 37.1%, respectively, compared with W2CK”
e1“The W1AI treatment increased soil, microbial, and root respiration as well as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi abundance by 18.8, 10.0, 23.4, 30.1, 29.4, and 30.1%, respectively, compared with W1CK”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
W2AI increased root respiration relative to W2CK.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W2AIe0
- Outcome
- root respiratione1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 28.7e0
- Comparator
- W2CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W2AI significantly increased these by 24.2, 15.3, 28.7, 39.2, 39.3, and 37.1%, respectively, compared with W2CK”
e1“The W1AI treatment increased soil, microbial, and root respiration as well as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi abundance by 18.8, 10.0, 23.4, 30.1, 29.4, and 30.1%, respectively, compared with W1CK”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
W2AI increased bacteria abundance relative to W2CK.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W2AIe0
- Outcome
- bacteriae1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 39.2e0
- Comparator
- W2CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W2AI significantly increased these by 24.2, 15.3, 28.7, 39.2, 39.3, and 37.1%, respectively, compared with W2CK”
e1“The W1AI treatment increased soil, microbial, and root respiration as well as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi abundance by 18.8, 10.0, 23.4, 30.1, 29.4, and 30.1%, respectively, compared with W1CK”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
W2AI increased actinomycetes abundance relative to W2CK.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W2AIe0
- Outcome
- actinomycetese1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 39.3e0
- Comparator
- W2CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W2AI significantly increased these by 24.2, 15.3, 28.7, 39.2, 39.3, and 37.1%, respectively, compared with W2CK”
e1“The W1AI treatment increased soil, microbial, and root respiration as well as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi abundance by 18.8, 10.0, 23.4, 30.1, 29.4, and 30.1%, respectively, compared with W1CK”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
W2AI increased fungi abundance relative to W2CK.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W2AIe0
- Outcome
- fungi abundancee1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 37.1%e0
- Comparator
- W2CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“W2AI significantly increased these by 24.2, 15.3, 28.7, 39.2, 39.3, and 37.1%, respectively, compared with W2CK”
e1“The W1AI treatment increased soil, microbial, and root respiration as well as bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi abundance by 18.8, 10.0, 23.4, 30.1, 29.4, and 30.1%, respectively, compared with W1CK”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
W2AI increased bacteria abundance relative to W1AI.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W2AIe0
- Outcome
- abundance of bacteriae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 26.9e0
- Comparator
- W1AIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the abundance of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi with W2AI significantly increased by 26.9, 27.1, and 24.8%, respectively, compared with W1AI”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
W2AI increased actinomycetes abundance relative to W1AI.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W2AIe0
- Outcome
- actinomycetese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 27.1e0
- Comparator
- W1AIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the abundance of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi with W2AI significantly increased by 26.9, 27.1, and 24.8%, respectively, compared with W1AI”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
W2AI increased fungi abundance relative to W1AI.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- W2AIe0
- Outcome
- fungie0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24.8%e0
- Comparator
- W1AIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the abundance of bacteria, actinomycetes, and fungi with W2AI significantly increased by 26.9, 27.1, and 24.8%, respectively, compared with W1AI”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil oxygen concentration and air filled porosity were positively correlated with soil respiration and microorganism abundance.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- soil respiration and microorganism abundancee0
- Direction
- positivelye0
- Setting
- under controlled soil temperaturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil oxygen concentration (under controlled soil temperature) and air‐filled porosity positively correlated with soil respiration and microorganism abundance”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Aerated irrigation increased mean fruit yield by 22.4% relative to CK.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- AIe0
- Outcome
- Mean fruit yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 22.4%e0
- Comparator
- CKe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mean fruit yield with AI was 22.4% higher than CK”
t0“Tomato”
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