Abstract
A study involving 150 farmers from three south-western districts of Punjab was conducted for comparative evaluation of Bt and non-Bt cotton cultivation. Study revealed that mean age of respondents was 49 years with average operational land holding of 8.09 hectares. The commission agents and private company representatives were the major sources for seeking farm information with mean score of 2.58 and 1.70, respectively. Weather related applications were found to be most commonly used ICTs among the respondents. Insecticide usage had reduced significantly with the adoption of Bt cotton and the average number of insecticide sprays decreased from 13.07 to 6.20 with corresponding reduction in expenditure on insecticide usage. Average number of insecticide sprays for the management of bollworm complex decreased from 8.50 to 0.84 in Bt cotton, whereas the insecticide sprays applied for management of sucking pests slightly increased from 1.47 to 1.78 on Bt cotton. The proportion of insecticide usage cost in total production cost was decreased from 30.26% to 17.82%. The benefit-cost ratio for Bt cotton increased to 2.52 as compared to 1.86 in case of non-Bt, which in turn indicates the increase in income of cotton farmers with the adoption of Bt cotton technology. The cost on the variables like fertilizers, irrigation, and hoeing was found to be significant in affecting the total production of the Bt cotton. Farmers perceive that Bt cotton helps to manage bollworm attack easily and enables them to get better returns.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Bt cotton adoption significantly reduced insecticide use.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- Bt cottone1
- Outcome
- Insecticide usagee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- non-Bte2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“Insecticide usage had reduced significantly with the adoption of Bt cotton”
e1“Insecticide usage had reduced significantly with the adoption of Bt cotton”
e2“benefit-cost ratio for Bt cotton increased to 2.52 as compared to 1.86 in case of non-Bt”
Claim · model-written summary
Average insecticide sprays decreased from 13.07 to 6.20.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Bt cottone1
- Outcome
- average number of insecticide sprayse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 13.07 to 6.20e0
- Comparator
- non-Bte2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“average number of insecticide sprays decreased from 13.07 to 6.20”
e1“Insecticide usage had reduced significantly with the adoption of Bt cotton”
e2“benefit-cost ratio for Bt cotton increased to 2.52 as compared to 1.86 in case of non-Bt”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticide expenditure declined with Bt cotton adoption.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Bt cottone1
- Outcome
- expenditure on insecticide usagee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- non-Bte2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“corresponding reduction in expenditure on insecticide usage”
e1“Insecticide usage had reduced significantly with the adoption of Bt cotton”
e2“benefit-cost ratio for Bt cotton increased to 2.52 as compared to 1.86 in case of non-Bt”
Claim · model-written summary
Bollworm management sprays decreased from 8.50 to 0.84.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Bt cottone1
- Interactor
- bollworm
.jpg?width=60)
Helicoverpa zeae0pest - Outcome
- number of insecticide sprays for the management of bollworm complexe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 8.50 to 0.84e0
- Comparator
- non-Bte2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“Average number of insecticide sprays for the management of bollworm complex decreased from 8.50 to 0.84 in Bt cotton”
e1“Insecticide usage had reduced significantly with the adoption of Bt cotton”
e2“benefit-cost ratio for Bt cotton increased to 2.52 as compared to 1.86 in case of non-Bt”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucking pest management sprays increased from 1.47 to 1.78.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Bt cottone1
- Interactor
- sucking pestse0pest
- Outcome
- insecticide sprays applied for management of sucking pestse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.47 to 1.78e0
- Comparator
- non-Bte2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“insecticide sprays applied for management of sucking pests slightly increased from 1.47 to 1.78 on Bt cotton”
e1“Insecticide usage had reduced significantly with the adoption of Bt cotton”
e2“benefit-cost ratio for Bt cotton increased to 2.52 as compared to 1.86 in case of non-Bt”
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticide cost share decreased from 30.26% to 17.82%.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Bt cottone1
- Outcome
- proportion of insecticide usage cost in total production coste0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 30.26% to 17.82%e0
- Comparator
- non-Bte2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“proportion of insecticide usage cost in total production cost was decreased from 30.26% to 17.82%”
e1“Insecticide usage had reduced significantly with the adoption of Bt cotton”
e2“benefit-cost ratio for Bt cotton increased to 2.52 as compared to 1.86 in case of non-Bt”
Claim · model-written summary
Bt cotton benefit-cost ratio increased to 2.52 versus 1.86 for non-Bt cotton.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Bt cottone1
- Outcome
- benefit-cost ratioe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 2.52e0
- Comparator
- non-Bte2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“benefit-cost ratio for Bt cotton increased to 2.52 as compared to 1.86 in case of non-Bt”
e1“Insecticide usage had reduced significantly with the adoption of Bt cotton”
e2“benefit-cost ratio for Bt cotton increased to 2.52 as compared to 1.86 in case of non-Bt”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmers perceived Bt cotton as easier for bollworm management.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Bt cottone1
- Interactor
- bollwormHelicoverpa zeae0pest
- Outcome
- manage bollworm attack easilye0
- Direction
- helpse0
- Comparator
- non-Bte2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“Farmers perceive that Bt cotton helps to manage bollworm attack easily”
e1“Insecticide usage had reduced significantly with the adoption of Bt cotton”
e2“benefit-cost ratio for Bt cotton increased to 2.52 as compared to 1.86 in case of non-Bt”
Claim · model-written summary
Farmers perceived Bt cotton as yielding better returns.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Bt cottone1
- Outcome
- better returnse0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- non-Bte2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“enables them to get better returns”
e1“Insecticide usage had reduced significantly with the adoption of Bt cotton”
e2“benefit-cost ratio for Bt cotton increased to 2.52 as compared to 1.86 in case of non-Bt”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer, irrigation and hoeing costs significantly affected Bt cotton production.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- fertilizers, irrigation, and hoeinge0
- Outcome
- total productione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“cotton”
e0“The cost on the variables like fertilizers, irrigation, and hoeing was found to be significant in affecting the total production of the Bt cotton”
The same questions in other papers
transgenic · Helicoverpa zea · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
14 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
13 papers more in this group
See all 17 papers →transgenic · molecular: metabolites · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
23 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
23 papers more in this group
See all 27 papers →transgenic · pest · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
30 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction · 9 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- no effect
43 papers more in this group
See all 47 papers →transgenic · yield · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
73 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- negative
74 papers more in this group
See all 78 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.