Abstract
The rate of leaf appearance is related to early vigor, crop duration, and its environment. This experiment aimed to measure the variability of the leaf appearance rate and its response to two watering systems within the rice indica race. The GRISP Global Rice Phenotyping Network assembles a multi-environment, multi-trait phenomics resource for rice diversity panels. Our team specifically examined the dynamics of leaf appearance of 304 indica accessions of the modified PRAY panel that were either transplanted and flooded or direct-seeded and grown in aerobic conditions. In rice, the leaf appearance rate is fast for the first 4-5 embryonic leaves, slows down for the next leaves until about leaf 12, and slows down again for the last leaves. This pattern was confirmed in all plants with crop duration over 110 days. In earlier varieties, a proportion of the plants showed only two distinct phases intermediated by leaf 5. The earlier the variety, the higher this proportion was. The rates of leaf appearance and the durations of the second and third phases were strongly correlated: all late varieties had slow rates of leaf appearance and late transition to third phase. Meanwhile, the rate of appearance of the embryonic leaves was independent from the other four parameters. Differences in the leaf appearance kinetics between aerobic and flooded conditions were also related to the variety's crop duration. In varieties with duration over 105 days, the second phase is characterized by faster leaf appearance rate in flooded conditions. On the third phase, the rates equalize for both conditions. On the contrary, earlier varieties showed a reversed pattern: equal and then faster rate in flooded conditions, before and after the second transition, respectively. The transition from the second to the third phase was earlier by 0 to 14 days in aerobic than in flooded conditions for varieties with 80 to 105-day duration, and equal to 14 days for later varieties. All parameters of the leaf appearance kinetics are thus strongly correlated with the crop duration of the indica rice varieties except the rate of appearance of the embryonic leaves that can be bred independently.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf appearance rate in rice is fast for the first 4-5 embryonic leaves, slows for later leaves until about leaf 12, and slows again for the last leaves.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Organ / stage
- first 4-5 embryonic leavese0
- Outcome
- leaf appearance ratee0
- Direction
- slows downe0
- Qualifier
- in all plants with crop duration over 110 dayse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In rice, the leaf appearance rate is fast for the first 4-5 embryonic leaves, slows down for the next leaves until about leaf 12, and slows down again for the last leaves”
e1“This pattern was confirmed in all plants with crop duration over 110 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Earlier indica rice varieties have a higher proportion of plants showing only two distinct leaf-appearance phases.
- Taxon
- indica rice
Oryza sativa Indica Groupt0 - Material
- earlier varietiese2
- Outcome
- proportion of the plantse2
- Direction
- highere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“In earlier varieties, a proportion of the plants showed only two distinct phases intermediated by leaf 5”
e3“The earlier the variety, the higher this proportion was”
t0“Organization of the variability for the rates of leaf appearance and its change between two irrigated cropping systems in an indica rice diversity panel”
Claim · model-written summary
Rates of leaf appearance and durations of the second and third phases are strongly correlated in indica rice.
- Taxon
- indica riceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Organ / stage
- second and third phasese4
- Outcome
- rates of leaf appearancee4
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The rates of leaf appearance and the durations of the second and third phases were strongly correlated: all late varieties had slow rates of leaf appearance and late transition to third phase”
t0“Organization of the variability for the rates of leaf appearance and its change between two irrigated cropping systems in an indica rice diversity panel”
Claim · model-written summary
All late indica rice varieties had slow rates of leaf appearance.
- Taxon
- indica riceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Material
- late varietiese4
- Outcome
- rates of leaf appearancee4
- Direction
- slowe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The rates of leaf appearance and the durations of the second and third phases were strongly correlated: all late varieties had slow rates of leaf appearance and late transition to third phase”
t0“Organization of the variability for the rates of leaf appearance and its change between two irrigated cropping systems in an indica rice diversity panel”
Claim · model-written summary
All late indica rice varieties had a late transition to the third phase.
- Taxon
- indica riceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Material
- late varietiese4
- Outcome
- late transition to third phasee4
- Direction
- latee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“The rates of leaf appearance and the durations of the second and third phases were strongly correlated: all late varieties had slow rates of leaf appearance and late transition to third phase”
t0“Organization of the variability for the rates of leaf appearance and its change between two irrigated cropping systems in an indica rice diversity panel”
Claim · model-written summary
The rate of appearance of embryonic leaves is independent of the other four leaf-appearance parameters.
- Taxon
- indica riceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Outcome
- rate of appearance of the embryonic leavese5
- Direction
- independente5
- Qualifier
- from the other four parameterse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Meanwhile, the rate of appearance of the embryonic leaves was independent from the other four parameters”
t0“Organization of the variability for the rates of leaf appearance and its change between two irrigated cropping systems in an indica rice diversity panel”
Claim · model-written summary
Differences in leaf appearance kinetics between aerobic and flooded conditions are related to crop duration in indica rice.
- Taxon
- indica riceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Treatment
- aerobic and flooded conditionse6
- Outcome
- leaf appearance kineticse6
- Qualifier
- variety's crop duratione6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Differences in the leaf appearance kinetics between aerobic and flooded conditions were also related to the variety's crop duration”
t0“Organization of the variability for the rates of leaf appearance and its change between two irrigated cropping systems in an indica rice diversity panel”
Claim · model-written summary
In indica rice varieties with duration over 105 days, the second phase had a faster leaf appearance rate in flooded conditions.
- Taxon
- indica riceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Organ / stage
- second phasee7
- Treatment
- flooded conditionse7
- Outcome
- leaf appearance ratee7
- Direction
- fastere7
- Qualifier
- In varieties with duration over 105 dayse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“In varieties with duration over 105 days, the second phase is characterized by faster leaf appearance rate in flooded conditions. On the third phase, the rates equalize for both conditions”
t0“Organization of the variability for the rates of leaf appearance and its change between two irrigated cropping systems in an indica rice diversity panel”
Claim · model-written summary
In indica rice varieties over 105 days, leaf appearance rates equalize between conditions in the third phase.
- Taxon
- indica riceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Organ / stage
- third phasee7
- Treatment
- both conditionse7
- Outcome
- ratese7
- Direction
- equalizee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“In varieties with duration over 105 days, the second phase is characterized by faster leaf appearance rate in flooded conditions. On the third phase, the rates equalize for both conditions”
t0“Organization of the variability for the rates of leaf appearance and its change between two irrigated cropping systems in an indica rice diversity panel”
Claim · model-written summary
In earlier indica rice varieties, the leaf appearance rate is equal and then faster in flooded conditions, before and after the second transition.
- Taxon
- indica riceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Material
- earlier varietiese2
- Treatment
- flooded conditionse2
- Outcome
- ratee2
- Direction
- fastere2
- Qualifier
- before and after the second transitione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“On the contrary, earlier varieties showed a reversed pattern: equal and then faster rate in flooded conditions, before and after the second transition, respectively”
t0“Organization of the variability for the rates of leaf appearance and its change between two irrigated cropping systems in an indica rice diversity panel”
Claim · model-written summary
In indica rice varieties with 80 to 105-day duration, the transition from the second to the third phase was 0 to 14 days earlier in aerobic than in flooded conditions.
- Taxon
- indica riceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Treatment
- aerobice1
- Outcome
- transition from the second to the third phasee1
- Direction
- earliere1
- Value
- 0 to 14 dayse1
- Qualifier
- for varieties with 80 to 105-day duratione1
- Comparator
- flooded conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The transition from the second to the third phase was earlier by 0 to 14 days in aerobic than in flooded conditions for varieties with 80 to 105-day duration”
t0“Organization of the variability for the rates of leaf appearance and its change between two irrigated cropping systems in an indica rice diversity panel”
Claim · model-written summary
In later indica rice varieties, the transition from the second to the third phase is equal to 14 days.
- Taxon
- indica riceOryza sativa Indica Groupt0
- Material
- later varietiese2
- Outcome
- transition from the second to the third phasee1
- Direction
- equale2
- Value
- 14 dayse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The transition from the second to the third phase was earlier by 0 to 14 days in aerobic than in flooded conditions for varieties with 80 to 105-day duration”
e2“and equal to 14 days for later varieties”
t0“Organization of the variability for the rates of leaf appearance and its change between two irrigated cropping systems in an indica rice diversity panel”
Claim · model-written summary
Parameters of the leaf appearance kinetics are strongly correlated with crop duration in indica rice, except the rate of appearance of embryonic leaves.
- Taxon
- indica rice varietiesOryza sativa Indica Groupe0
- Material
- indica rice varietiese0
- Outcome
- parameters of the leaf appearance kineticse0
- Qualifier
- except the rate of appearance of the embryonic leavese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All parameters of the leaf appearance kinetics are thus strongly correlated with the crop duration of the indica rice varieties except the rate of appearance of the embryonic leaves that can be bred independently”
t0“Organization of the variability for the rates of leaf appearance and its change between two irrigated cropping systems in an indica rice diversity panel”