Abstract
Abstract Background Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) is one of the important vegetable crops infected by Meloidogyne incognita all over the world, including Egypt . Chemical nematicides frequently cause environmental pollution and toxic hazards to human, plants, and animals; certain biocontrol agents that are environmentally friendly and safe to humans and animals were tested against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in eggplant. Objective This work is aimed to determine the nematicidal activity of Bacillus spp., viz., B. subtilis and B. pumilus , against M. incognita in three separated experiments to study their ability in controlling M. incognita and in improving the growth parameters of eggplants. Bacillus spp. were applied as single or in combination (experiment I), single treatment at different doses (experiment II), and different times (three times) of application (experiment III). Results The results of experiment I revealed that Bacillus sp. + B. subtilis significantly reduced the second-stage juvenile (J 2 ) in soil and galls and egg masses in roots, while Bacillus sp. + B. pumilus significantly reduced J 2 in roots. Bacillus spp. in pairs were more effective against M. incognita . In experiment II, Bacillus sp. (40 ml) significantly reduced the J 2 in soil and galls and egg masses in roots, while B. pumilus (40 ml) significantly reduced the J 2 in roots. The nematicidal activity of Bacillus spp. was increased by increasing the applied dose. In experiment III, B. subtilis , when applied three times, significantly reduced the J 2 in soil and the J 2 and galls in roots, while B. pumilus (applied three times) significantly reduced the egg masses in roots. All Bacillus spp. treatments highly increased the tested growth parameters compared to the controls. Conclusions The tested biocontrol agents used more than once or in combination are more effective than those used only once in controlling nematode parameters in eggplant under greenhouse conditions with a consequent increase in eggplant growth. These bacterial isolates need to be studied under different field conditions for confirmation.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record; open copy licensed cc-by. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus sp. with B. subtilis significantly reduced second-stage juveniles in soil and galls and egg masses in roots of eggplant.
- Taxon
- Eggplant
Solanum melongenae0 - Treatment
- Bacillus sp. + B. subtilise1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognita
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=60)
Meloidogyne incognitae0pest - Second interactor
- B. subtilis
Bacillus subtilise1biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- second-stage juvenile (J 2) in soil and galls and egg masses in rootse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_penetrates_a_tomato_root_-_USDA-ARS.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) is one of the important vegetable crops infected by Meloidogyne incognita all over the world”
e1“Bacillus sp. + B. subtilis significantly reduced the second-stage juvenile (J 2) in soil and galls and egg masses in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus sp. with B. pumilus significantly reduced second-stage juveniles in eggplant roots.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- Bacillus sp. + B. pumiluse1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Second interactor
- B. pumilusBacillus pumiluse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- J 2 in rootse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) is one of the important vegetable crops infected by Meloidogyne incognita all over the world”
e1“while Bacillus sp. + B. pumilus significantly reduced J 2 in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus species in pairs were more effective against M. incognita.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- Bacillus spp. in pairse1
- Interactor
- M. incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae1pest
- Second interactor
- Bacillus spp.e1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- effective against M. incognitae1
- Direction
- more effectivee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) is one of the important vegetable crops infected by Meloidogyne incognita all over the world”
e1“Bacillus spp. in pairs were more effective against M. incognita”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus sp. at 40 ml significantly reduced second-stage juveniles in soil and galls and egg masses in roots.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- Bacillus sp. (40 ml)e1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Second interactor
- Bacillus sp.e1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- J 2 in soil and galls and egg masses in rootse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) is one of the important vegetable crops infected by Meloidogyne incognita all over the world”
e1“Bacillus sp. (40 ml) significantly reduced the J 2 in soil and galls and egg masses in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
B. pumilus at 40 ml significantly reduced second-stage juveniles in eggplant roots.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- B. pumilus (40 ml)e1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Second interactor
- B. pumilusBacillus pumiluse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- J 2 in rootse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) is one of the important vegetable crops infected by Meloidogyne incognita all over the world”
e1“B. pumilus (40 ml) significantly reduced the J 2 in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing the applied Bacillus dose increased its nematicidal activity.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- increasing the applied dosee1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Second interactor
- Bacillus spp.e1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- nematicidal activitye1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) is one of the important vegetable crops infected by Meloidogyne incognita all over the world”
e1“The nematicidal activity of Bacillus spp. was increased by increasing the applied dose”
Claim · model-written summary
B. subtilis applied three times significantly reduced second-stage juveniles in soil and in roots and galls in roots.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- when applied three timese1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Second interactor
- B. subtilisBacillus subtilise1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- the J 2 in soil and the J 2 and galls in rootse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) is one of the important vegetable crops infected by Meloidogyne incognita all over the world”
e1“B. subtilis , when applied three times, significantly reduced the J 2 in soil and the J 2 and galls in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
B. pumilus applied three times significantly reduced egg masses in eggplant roots.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- B. pumilus (applied three times)e1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Second interactor
- B. pumilusBacillus pumiluse1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- egg masses in rootse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) is one of the important vegetable crops infected by Meloidogyne incognita all over the world”
e1“B. pumilus (applied three times) significantly reduced the egg masses in roots”
Claim · model-written summary
All Bacillus spp. treatments highly increased the tested growth parameters of eggplant compared with the controls.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- Bacillus spp. treatmentse1
- Interactor
- Bacillus spp.e1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- tested growth parameterse1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- controlse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) is one of the important vegetable crops infected by Meloidogyne incognita all over the world”
e1“All Bacillus spp. treatments highly increased the tested growth parameters compared to the controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Biocontrol agents used more than once or in combination are more effective at controlling nematode parameters in eggplant under greenhouse conditions than those used only once.
- Taxon
- EggplantSolanum melongenae0
- Treatment
- used more than once or in combinatione1
- Interactor
- Meloidogyne incognitaMeloidogyne incognitae0pest
- Outcome
- controlling nematode parameterse1
- Direction
- more effectivee1
- Comparator
- those used only oncee1
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) is one of the important vegetable crops infected by Meloidogyne incognita all over the world”
e1“The tested biocontrol agents used more than once or in combination are more effective than those used only once in controlling nematode parameters in eggplant under greenhouse conditions”
The same questions in other papers
Bacillus subtilis · Meloidogyne incognita · Solanum melongena (eggplant)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.