Abstract
Abstract Viola calaminaria is an endangered metallophyte endemic to a small area close to the border between Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands, where it grows on rock outcrops rich in heavy metals (zinc, lead and cadmium). Because V. calaminaria reproduces mainly by seeds, it is of crucial importance to understand its germination requirements. Germination percentage and speed at constant (11–25°C) and alternating (23/09°C) temperatures were investigated in five large populations. Germination percentage was positively correlated to seed weight. Germination was low (<25%) at 11 and 16°C, intermediate (around 65%) between 20 and 25°C and the highest (93%) at the alternating temperature regime (23/09°C). V. calaminaria is a slow germinator requiring 41 days on average to germinate at 23/09°C and considerably more at 20 to 25°C (105 days on average). Our results also highlighted that the species is desiccation tolerant and can therefore be safely conserved under standard seed bank conditions.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Germination percentage was positively correlated with seed weight.
- Taxon
- Viola calaminaria
Viola lutea subsp. calaminariat0 - Organ / stage
- seede0
- Outcome
- Germination percentagee0
- Direction
- positively correlatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination percentage was positively correlated to seed weight.”
t0“Viola calaminaria”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination was low at 11 and 16°C.
- Taxon
- Viola calaminariaViola lutea subsp. calaminariat0
- Treatment
- 11 and 16°Ce0
- Outcome
- Germinatione0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Value
- <25%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination was low (<25%) at 11 and 16°C, intermediate (around 65%) between 20 and 25°C and the highest (93%) at the alternating temperature regime (23/09°C).”
t0“Viola calaminaria”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination was intermediate at 20 and 25°C.
- Taxon
- Viola calaminariaViola lutea subsp. calaminariat0
- Treatment
- 20 and 25°Ce0
- Outcome
- Germinatione0
- Direction
- intermediatee0
- Value
- around 65%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination was low (<25%) at 11 and 16°C, intermediate (around 65%) between 20 and 25°C and the highest (93%) at the alternating temperature regime (23/09°C).”
t0“Viola calaminaria”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination was highest at 23/09°C.
- Taxon
- Viola calaminariaViola lutea subsp. calaminariat0
- Treatment
- 23/09°Ce0
- Outcome
- Germinatione0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 93%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Germination was low (<25%) at 11 and 16°C, intermediate (around 65%) between 20 and 25°C and the highest (93%) at the alternating temperature regime (23/09°C).”
t0“Viola calaminaria”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds required 41 days on average to germinate at 23/09°C.
- Taxon
- Viola calaminariaViola lutea subsp. calaminariat0
- Treatment
- 23/09°Ce0
- Outcome
- germinatee0
- Value
- 41 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“V. calaminaria is a slow germinator requiring 41 days on average to germinate at 23/09°C and considerably more at 20 to 25°C (105 days on average).”
t0“Viola calaminaria”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination took 105 days on average at 20 to 25°C.
- Taxon
- Viola calaminariaViola lutea subsp. calaminariat0
- Treatment
- 20 to 25°Ce0
- Outcome
- germinatee0
- Value
- 105 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“V. calaminaria is a slow germinator requiring 41 days on average to germinate at 23/09°C and considerably more at 20 to 25°C (105 days on average).”
t0“Viola calaminaria”
Claim · model-written summary
The species is desiccation tolerant.
- Taxon
- Viola calaminariaViola lutea subsp. calaminariat0
- Outcome
- desiccation tolerante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the species is desiccation tolerant and can therefore be safely conserved under standard seed bank conditions.”
t0“Viola calaminaria”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that the species can be conserved under standard seed bank conditions.
- Taxon
- Viola calaminariaViola lutea subsp. calaminariat0
- Outcome
- safely conserved under standard seed bank conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the species is desiccation tolerant and can therefore be safely conserved under standard seed bank conditions.”
t0“Viola calaminaria”