Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are one of the most harmful plant pathogenic nematodes worldwide. Application of some herbal products can safely reduce negative effect of these nematodes. In the present study, the effect of aqueous extracts of Amygdalus scoparia and Arctium lappa on hatching and mortality of second-stage juveniles of M. javanica evaluated under laboratory condition and LC30, LC50, LC70 and LC90 values were determined by probit analysis from March to November 2016. Tomato seeds (cv. Early-Urbana) were sown in 1.5 kg plastic pots and simultaneously were inoculated with 4000 eggs and second stage juveniles (J2s) of M. javanica and soil-drenched (50 ml/pot) with selected concentrations of A. scoparia viz. 0.37, 0.54, 0.8 and 1.39% and A. lappa viz. 0.51, 0.85, 1.4 and 2.91%. The experiments were carried out in completely randomized design tests with four replications. Plant growth parameters as well as nematode population indices were calculated 60 days after inoculation. Results showed that after 120 hours, leaf extracts of A. scoparia at the rate of 7.5 and 10%, and leaf extract of A. lappa at the rate of 10% lead to 100% inhibition of M. javanica egg hatching under laboratory condition. Leaf extracts of both of the tested plants at the rate of 2% caused 100% mortality of J2s. Any increase in concentration of used plant extracts significantly improved the growth indices in both of the inoculated and uninoculated tomato plants. As compared to control, application of A. scoparia leaf extract at the rate of 2%, reduced the number of galls, egg masses and eggs per root system as well as the number of J2s per pot and reproduction factor of nematode by 37, 43, 45, 73 and 46%, and in the case of A. lappa, these indices reduced by15, 26, 27, 74 and 28%, respectively. Our results showed potential of leaf extracts of A. scoparia and A. lappa for management of M. javanica infecting tomato plants.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
A. scoparia leaf extract at 7.5 and 10% completely inhibited M. javanica egg hatching after 120 hours.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- leaf extracts of A. scoparia at the rate of 7.5 and 10%e0
- Interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0pathogen
- Outcome
- M. javanica egg hatchinge0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after 120 hours, leaf extracts of A. scoparia at the rate of 7.5 and 10%, and leaf extract of A. lappa at the rate of 10% lead to 100% inhibition of M. javanica egg hatching under laboratory condition”
t0“on tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
A. lappa leaf extract at 10% completely inhibited M. javanica egg hatching after 120 hours.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- leaf extract of A. lappa at the rate of 10%e0
- Interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0pathogen
- Outcome
- M. javanica egg hatchinge0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“after 120 hours, leaf extracts of A. scoparia at the rate of 7.5 and 10%, and leaf extract of A. lappa at the rate of 10% lead to 100% inhibition of M. javanica egg hatching under laboratory condition”
t0“on tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Both leaf extracts at 2% caused complete mortality of M. javanica juveniles.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Leaf extracts of both of the tested plants at the rate of 2%e0
- Outcome
- mortality of J2se0
- Direction
- mortalitye0
- Value
- 100%e0
Not reportedInteractorInteractor roleComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf extracts of both of the tested plants at the rate of 2% caused 100% mortality of J2s.”
t0“on tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing plant extract concentration significantly improved growth indices in inoculated and uninoculated tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- plant extractse0
- Outcome
- growth indicese0
- Direction
- improvede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Any increase in concentration of used plant extracts significantly improved the growth indices in both of the inoculated and uninoculated tomato plants.”
Claim · model-written summary
A. scoparia extract reduced number of galls by 37.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- A. scoparia leaf extract at the rate of 2%e0
- Outcome
- number of gallse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 37e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to control, application of A. scoparia leaf extract at the rate of 2%, reduced the number of galls, egg masses and eggs per root system as well as the number of J2s per pot and reproduction factor of nematode by 37, 43, 45, 73 and 46%, and in the case of A. lappa, these indices reduced by15, 26, 27, 74 and 28%, respectively.”
t0“on tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
A. scoparia extract reduced egg masses by 43.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- A. scoparia leaf extract at the rate of 2%e0
- Outcome
- egg massese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 43e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to control, application of A. scoparia leaf extract at the rate of 2%, reduced the number of galls, egg masses and eggs per root system as well as the number of J2s per pot and reproduction factor of nematode by 37, 43, 45, 73 and 46%, and in the case of A. lappa, these indices reduced by15, 26, 27, 74 and 28%, respectively.”
t0“on tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
A. scoparia extract reduced eggs per root system by 45.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- A. scoparia leaf extract at the rate of 2%e0
- Outcome
- eggs per root systeme0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 45e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to control, application of A. scoparia leaf extract at the rate of 2%, reduced the number of galls, egg masses and eggs per root system as well as the number of J2s per pot and reproduction factor of nematode by 37, 43, 45, 73 and 46%, and in the case of A. lappa, these indices reduced by15, 26, 27, 74 and 28%, respectively.”
t0“on tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
A. scoparia extract reduced number of J2s per pot by 73.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- A. scoparia leaf extract at the rate of 2%e0
- Outcome
- number of J2s per pote0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 73e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to control, application of A. scoparia leaf extract at the rate of 2%, reduced the number of galls, egg masses and eggs per root system as well as the number of J2s per pot and reproduction factor of nematode by 37, 43, 45, 73 and 46%, and in the case of A. lappa, these indices reduced by15, 26, 27, 74 and 28%, respectively.”
t0“on tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
A. scoparia extract reduced reproduction factor of nematode by 46%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- A. scoparia leaf extract at the rate of 2%e0
- Outcome
- reproduction factor of nematodee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 46%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to control, application of A. scoparia leaf extract at the rate of 2%, reduced the number of galls, egg masses and eggs per root system as well as the number of J2s per pot and reproduction factor of nematode by 37, 43, 45, 73 and 46%, and in the case of A. lappa, these indices reduced by15, 26, 27, 74 and 28%, respectively.”
t0“on tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
A. lappa extract reduced number of galls by 15.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- A. lappae0
- Outcome
- number of gallse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 15e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to control, application of A. scoparia leaf extract at the rate of 2%, reduced the number of galls, egg masses and eggs per root system as well as the number of J2s per pot and reproduction factor of nematode by 37, 43, 45, 73 and 46%, and in the case of A. lappa, these indices reduced by15, 26, 27, 74 and 28%, respectively.”
t0“on tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
A. lappa extract reduced egg masses by 26.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- A. lappae0
- Outcome
- egg massese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 26e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to control, application of A. scoparia leaf extract at the rate of 2%, reduced the number of galls, egg masses and eggs per root system as well as the number of J2s per pot and reproduction factor of nematode by 37, 43, 45, 73 and 46%, and in the case of A. lappa, these indices reduced by15, 26, 27, 74 and 28%, respectively.”
t0“on tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
A. lappa extract reduced eggs per root system by 27.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- A. lappae0
- Outcome
- eggs per root systeme0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 27e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to control, application of A. scoparia leaf extract at the rate of 2%, reduced the number of galls, egg masses and eggs per root system as well as the number of J2s per pot and reproduction factor of nematode by 37, 43, 45, 73 and 46%, and in the case of A. lappa, these indices reduced by15, 26, 27, 74 and 28%, respectively.”
t0“on tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
A. lappa extract reduced number of J2s per pot by 74.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- A. lappae0
- Outcome
- number of J2s per pote0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 74e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to control, application of A. scoparia leaf extract at the rate of 2%, reduced the number of galls, egg masses and eggs per root system as well as the number of J2s per pot and reproduction factor of nematode by 37, 43, 45, 73 and 46%, and in the case of A. lappa, these indices reduced by15, 26, 27, 74 and 28%, respectively.”
t0“on tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
A. lappa extract reduced reproduction factor of nematode by 28%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- A. lappae0
- Outcome
- reproduction factor of nematodee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 28%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As compared to control, application of A. scoparia leaf extract at the rate of 2%, reduced the number of galls, egg masses and eggs per root system as well as the number of J2s per pot and reproduction factor of nematode by 37, 43, 45, 73 and 46%, and in the case of A. lappa, these indices reduced by15, 26, 27, 74 and 28%, respectively.”
t0“on tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify A. scoparia and A. lappa extracts as potential controls for M. javanica in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- M. javanicaMeloidogyne javanicae0pathogen
- Outcome
- management of M. javanica infecting tomato plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results showed potential of leaf extracts of A. scoparia and A. lappa for management of M. javanica infecting tomato plants.”
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