Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the chemical variability of Allamanda cathartica flowers collected in different localities of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Extractive solutions (25 samples) were analyzed by HPLC-DAD for the qualitative and quantitative profiles of the iridoid plumieride, the flavonoid rutin as well as total flavonoid content expressed in rutin. The chemical variability was evaluated by Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA). The samples demonstrated similar chromatographic profiles. In PCA analysis, Araquari samples AC01, AC08 and AC25 did not group with other samples obtained from other locations. In the HCA analysis, it was possible to observe hierarchially similar groups, generating 5 clusters. Group 5 (samples AC01, AC08 and AC25) presented lower similarity compared to the other groups. This dissimilarity can be explained by the amount of metabolites from each collection. Regarding the content of markers, it was observed a variation between 27 to 230 mg/g, 2.7 to 9.5 mg/g and 7.14 to 17.8 mg/g for plumieride, rutin, and total flavonoids, respectively. The samples from Araquari (AC01, AC08, AC25) presented the highest concentrations of chemical markers. Therefore, for reproducibility and standardization of A. cathartica flower extracts, it is important to determine the location and the plant cultivation conditions.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Flower samples had similar chromatographic profiles.
- Taxon
- Allamanda cathartica
Allamanda catharticae1 - Organ / stage
- flowerse1
- Outcome
- similar chromatographic profilese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The samples demonstrated similar chromatographic profiles”
e1“Allamanda cathartica flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
Araquari samples AC01, AC08 and AC25 did not group with samples from other locations in PCA.
- Taxon
- Allamanda catharticaAllamanda catharticae1
- Material
- AC01, AC08 and AC25e0
- Outcome
- did not group with other samplese0
- Setting
- Araquarie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In PCA analysis, Araquari samples AC01, AC08 and AC25 did not group with other samples obtained from other locations”
e1“Allamanda cathartica flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
HCA produced five clusters of flower samples.
- Taxon
- Allamanda catharticaAllamanda catharticae1
- Outcome
- clusterse0
- Value
- 5 clusterse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the HCA analysis, it was possible to observe hierarchially similar groups, generating 5 clusters”
e1“Allamanda cathartica flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
HCA Group 5, consisting of AC01, AC08 and AC25, had lower similarity than other groups.
- Taxon
- Allamanda catharticaAllamanda catharticae1
- Material
- AC01, AC08 and AC25e0
- Outcome
- similaritye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- the other groupse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Group 5 (samples AC01, AC08 and AC25) presented lower similarity compared to the other groups”
e1“Allamanda cathartica flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
Plumieride content varied from 27 to 230 mg/g.
- Taxon
- Allamanda catharticaAllamanda catharticae1
- Outcome
- plumieridee0
- Value
- 27 to 230 mg/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a variation between 27 to 230 mg/g, 2.7 to 9.5 mg/g and 7.14 to 17.8 mg/g for plumieride, rutin, and total flavonoids, respectively”
e1“Allamanda cathartica flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
Rutin content varied from 2.7 to 9.5 mg/g.
- Taxon
- Allamanda catharticaAllamanda catharticae1
- Outcome
- rutine0
- Value
- 2.7 to 9.5 mg/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a variation between 27 to 230 mg/g, 2.7 to 9.5 mg/g and 7.14 to 17.8 mg/g for plumieride, rutin, and total flavonoids, respectively”
e1“Allamanda cathartica flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
Total flavonoid content varied from 7.14 to 17.8 mg/g.
- Taxon
- Allamanda catharticaAllamanda catharticae1
- Outcome
- total flavonoidse0
- Value
- 7.14 to 17.8 mg/ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a variation between 27 to 230 mg/g, 2.7 to 9.5 mg/g and 7.14 to 17.8 mg/g for plumieride, rutin, and total flavonoids, respectively”
e1“Allamanda cathartica flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
Araquari samples AC01, AC08 and AC25 had the highest chemical-marker concentrations.
- Taxon
- Allamanda catharticaAllamanda catharticae1
- Material
- AC01, AC08, AC25e0
- Outcome
- concentrations of chemical markerse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Setting
- Araquarie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The samples from Araquari (AC01, AC08, AC25) presented the highest concentrations of chemical markers”
e1“Allamanda cathartica flowers”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend recording collection location and cultivation conditions to standardize flower extracts.
- Taxon
- A. catharticaAllamanda catharticae0
- Organ / stage
- flowere0
- Outcome
- determine the location and the plant cultivation conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for reproducibility and standardization of A. cathartica flower extracts, it is important to determine the location and the plant cultivation conditions”