Abstract
Abstract Since 2012, a new pathogenic syndrome has frequently been observed in many areas of kiwifruit cultivation in Italy. The main symptoms include an initial withering of the leaves followed by a total and sudden collapse of plants, mainly occurring during summer. The withered leaves fall and the main and secondary feeder roots appear rotten, sometimes showing a reddish‐brown discoloration. The disease, that affects both the green and yellow‐fleshed cultivars, has been called kiwifruit vine decline and is locally known as moria . The syndrome has been found consistently associated with soil waterlogging, which frequently occurs either after the traditional agronomical practice of irrigating orchards through surface irrigation or after very heavy rainfall. So far, the role played by bacteria in this syndrome has not been investigated. In the present study, Clostridium spp. were isolated from both rotten roots and soils obtained from Italian kiwifruit orchards affected by the syndrome, indicating for the first time that anaerobic bacteria are able to cause damage to woody crops. C. bifermentans and C. subterminale incited symptoms in kiwifruit in both in vivo and in vitro pathogenicity tests. Soil waterlogging seems to potentially favour colonization of kiwifruit roots by anaerobic bacteria, probably because saturation of the soil can facilitate proliferation and persistence of these bacteria during long periods of the vegetative growth of the crop. The occurrence of anaerobic bacteria does not exclude the possibility that other microorganisms can play additional/synergic role(s) in causing the kiwifruit vine decline.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Kiwifruit vine decline caused leaf withering, collapse, leaf fall and root rot.
- Taxon
- kiwifruit
Actinidia deliciosat0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Outcome
- initial withering of the leaves followed by a total and sudden collapse of plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The main symptoms include an initial withering of the leaves followed by a total and sudden collapse of plants, mainly occurring during summer. The withered leaves fall and the main and secondary feeder roots appear rotten, sometimes showing a reddish‐brown discoloration.”
t0“kiwifruit”
Claim · model-written summary
The decline affected both green and yellow-fleshed kiwifruit cultivars.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Material
- green and yellow‐fleshed cultivarse0
- Outcome
- diseasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The disease, that affects both the green and yellow‐fleshed cultivars, has been called kiwifruit vine decline”
Claim · model-written summary
Kiwifruit vine decline was consistently associated with soil waterlogging.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosat0
- Treatment
- soil waterlogginge0
- Outcome
- syndromee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The syndrome has been found consistently associated with soil waterlogging”
t0“kiwifruit vine decline”
Claim · model-written summary
Clostridium species were isolated from rotten roots and soil in affected kiwifruit orchards.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Interactor
- Clostridium spp.
Clostridiume0pathogen - Outcome
- Clostridium spp. were isolated from both rotten roots and soilse0
- Setting
- Italian kiwifruit orchardse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clostridium spp. were isolated from both rotten roots and soils obtained from Italian kiwifruit orchards affected by the syndrome”
Claim · model-written summary
C. bifermentans induced symptoms in kiwifruit pathogenicity tests.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- C. bifermentanse0
- Interactor
- C. bifermentansParaclostridium bifermentanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- symptoms in kiwifruite0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. bifermentans and C. subterminale incited symptoms in kiwifruit in both in vivo and in vitro pathogenicity tests.”
Claim · model-written summary
C. subterminale induced symptoms in kiwifruit pathogenicity tests.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- C. subterminalee0
- Interactor
- C. subterminaleClostridium subterminalee0pathogen
- Outcome
- symptoms in kiwifruite0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. bifermentans and C. subterminale incited symptoms in kiwifruit in both in vivo and in vitro pathogenicity tests.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest waterlogging may favor anaerobic bacterial colonization of kiwifruit roots.
- Taxon
- kiwifruitActinidia deliciosae0
- Treatment
- Soil waterlogginge0
- Interactor
- anaerobic bacteriae0pathogen
- Outcome
- colonization of kiwifruit roots by anaerobic bacteriae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil waterlogging seems to potentially favour colonization of kiwifruit roots by anaerobic bacteria”