Abstract
Improving energy efficiency in tillage is critical for developing sustainable agriculture and mitigating fuel-related CO2 emissions. However, data on energy efficiency and CO2 emissions across various tillage-sowing practices remain scarce in terms of vetch production. The study aimed at evaluating the impact of four tillage-sowing practices (conventional tillage [CT], Reduced-I and II, and no-tillage [NT]) on the fuel consumption, energy productivity, and fuel-related CO2 releases in Hungarian vetch production. The study was performed in Turkey, in semiarid conditions using two water applications (rainfed and irrigated) under two different crop rotations (rainfed: vetch-wheat-fallow and irrigated: vetch-wheat-sunflower). The study findings revealed that while CT had the highest diesel-fuel consumptions (52.2 L/ha in irrigated and 53.1 L/ha in rainfed), the lowest values were determined in NT (16.4 L/ha in irrigated and 16.6 L/ha in rainfed). Total energy requirements were the highest in CT, and determined 11827.4 MJ/ha (5229.1 MJ/ha direct and 10502.5 MJ/ha nonrenewable) in irrigated rotation and 9328.5 MJ/ha (3013.6 MJ/ha direct and 8004.6 MJ/ha nonrenewable) in rainfed conditions. Moreover, CT provided the lowest energy ratio (4.41 in irrigated and 3.87 in rainfed). NT practice required significantly lower total (20.6% in irrigated and 27.8% in rainfed), direct (52.5% in irrigated and 68.8% in rainfed), and nonrenewable energies (23.1% in irrigated and 32.3% in rainfed) and provided higher energy ratio (24.0% in irrigated and 53.2% in rainfed) compared to CT. Irrigation increased energy gain by 48.2% on average. Conservation tillage logarithmically reduced CO2 emissions in both rotations. NT and reduced tillage practices generated 68.7% and 42.2% lower emissions on average compared to CT (151.1 kg CO2/ha), respectively. It was concluded that NT can be a suitable practice to achieve higher energy efficiency and lower CO2 emissions in vetch production. However, reduced tillage can be favorable due to the limited application of NT in most countries.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage had the highest diesel use under irrigation, 52.2 L/ha.
- Taxon
- Hungarian Vetcht0
- Treatment
- CTe0
- Outcome
- diesel-fuel consumptionse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 52.2 L/hae0
- Qualifier
- irrigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“The study findings revealed that while CT had the highest diesel-fuel consumptions (52.2 L/ha in irrigated and 53.1 L/ha in rainfed), the lowest values were determined in NT (16.4 L/ha in irrigated and 16.6 L/ha in rainfed).”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage had the highest diesel use under rainfed conditions, 53.1 L/ha.
- Taxon
- Hungarian Vetcht0
- Treatment
- CTe0
- Outcome
- diesel-fuel consumptionse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 53.1 L/hae0
- Qualifier
- rainfede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“The study findings revealed that while CT had the highest diesel-fuel consumptions (52.2 L/ha in irrigated and 53.1 L/ha in rainfed), the lowest values were determined in NT (16.4 L/ha in irrigated and 16.6 L/ha in rainfed).”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage had the lowest diesel use under irrigation, 16.4 L/ha.
- Taxon
- Hungarian Vetcht0
- Treatment
- NTe0
- Outcome
- diesel-fuel consumptionse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 16.4 L/hae0
- Qualifier
- irrigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“The study findings revealed that while CT had the highest diesel-fuel consumptions (52.2 L/ha in irrigated and 53.1 L/ha in rainfed), the lowest values were determined in NT (16.4 L/ha in irrigated and 16.6 L/ha in rainfed).”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage had the lowest diesel use under rainfed conditions, 16.6 L/ha.
- Taxon
- Hungarian Vetcht0
- Treatment
- NTe0
- Outcome
- diesel-fuel consumptionse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 16.6 L/hae0
- Qualifier
- rainfede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“The study findings revealed that while CT had the highest diesel-fuel consumptions (52.2 L/ha in irrigated and 53.1 L/ha in rainfed), the lowest values were determined in NT (16.4 L/ha in irrigated and 16.6 L/ha in rainfed).”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage required the most total energy under irrigation, 11827.4 MJ/ha.
- Taxon
- Hungarian Vetcht0
- Treatment
- CTe0
- Outcome
- Total energy requirementse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 11827.4 MJ/hae0
- Qualifier
- irrigated rotatione0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“Total energy requirements were the highest in CT, and determined 11827.4 MJ/ha (5229.1 MJ/ha direct and 10502.5 MJ/ha nonrenewable) in irrigated rotation and 9328.5 MJ/ha (3013.6 MJ/ha direct and 8004.6 MJ/ha nonrenewable) in rainfed conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage required the most total energy under rainfed conditions, 9328.5 MJ/ha.
- Taxon
- Hungarian Vetcht0
- Treatment
- CTe0
- Outcome
- Total energy requirementse0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 9328.5 MJ/hae0
- Qualifier
- rainfed conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“Total energy requirements were the highest in CT, and determined 11827.4 MJ/ha (5229.1 MJ/ha direct and 10502.5 MJ/ha nonrenewable) in irrigated rotation and 9328.5 MJ/ha (3013.6 MJ/ha direct and 8004.6 MJ/ha nonrenewable) in rainfed conditions.”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage had the lowest energy ratio under irrigation, 4.41.
- Taxon
- Hungarian Vetcht0
- Treatment
- CTe0
- Outcome
- energy ratioe0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 4.41e0
- Qualifier
- irrigatede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“Moreover, CT provided the lowest energy ratio (4.41 in irrigated and 3.87 in rainfed).”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage had the lowest energy ratio under rainfed conditions, 3.87.
- Taxon
- Hungarian Vetcht0
- Treatment
- CTe0
- Outcome
- energy ratioe0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 3.87e0
- Qualifier
- rainfede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“Moreover, CT provided the lowest energy ratio (4.41 in irrigated and 3.87 in rainfed).”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage reduced total energy relative to conventional tillage under irrigation by 20.6%.
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“NT practice required significantly lower total (20.6% in irrigated and 27.8% in rainfed), direct (52.5% in irrigated and 68.8% in rainfed), and nonrenewable energies (23.1% in irrigated and 32.3% in rainfed) and provided higher energy ratio (24.0% in irrigated and 53.2% in rainfed) compared to CT.”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage reduced total energy relative to conventional tillage under rainfed conditions by 27.8%.
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“NT practice required significantly lower total (20.6% in irrigated and 27.8% in rainfed), direct (52.5% in irrigated and 68.8% in rainfed), and nonrenewable energies (23.1% in irrigated and 32.3% in rainfed) and provided higher energy ratio (24.0% in irrigated and 53.2% in rainfed) compared to CT.”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage reduced direct energy relative to conventional tillage under irrigation by 52.5%.
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“NT practice required significantly lower total (20.6% in irrigated and 27.8% in rainfed), direct (52.5% in irrigated and 68.8% in rainfed), and nonrenewable energies (23.1% in irrigated and 32.3% in rainfed) and provided higher energy ratio (24.0% in irrigated and 53.2% in rainfed) compared to CT.”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage reduced direct energy relative to conventional tillage under rainfed conditions by 68.8%.
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“NT practice required significantly lower total (20.6% in irrigated and 27.8% in rainfed), direct (52.5% in irrigated and 68.8% in rainfed), and nonrenewable energies (23.1% in irrigated and 32.3% in rainfed) and provided higher energy ratio (24.0% in irrigated and 53.2% in rainfed) compared to CT.”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage reduced nonrenewable energy relative to conventional tillage under irrigation by 23.1%.
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“NT practice required significantly lower total (20.6% in irrigated and 27.8% in rainfed), direct (52.5% in irrigated and 68.8% in rainfed), and nonrenewable energies (23.1% in irrigated and 32.3% in rainfed) and provided higher energy ratio (24.0% in irrigated and 53.2% in rainfed) compared to CT.”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage reduced nonrenewable energy relative to conventional tillage under rainfed conditions by 32.3%.
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“NT practice required significantly lower total (20.6% in irrigated and 27.8% in rainfed), direct (52.5% in irrigated and 68.8% in rainfed), and nonrenewable energies (23.1% in irrigated and 32.3% in rainfed) and provided higher energy ratio (24.0% in irrigated and 53.2% in rainfed) compared to CT.”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage raised energy ratio by 24.0% under irrigation relative to conventional tillage.
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“NT practice required significantly lower total (20.6% in irrigated and 27.8% in rainfed), direct (52.5% in irrigated and 68.8% in rainfed), and nonrenewable energies (23.1% in irrigated and 32.3% in rainfed) and provided higher energy ratio (24.0% in irrigated and 53.2% in rainfed) compared to CT.”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage raised energy ratio by 53.2% under rainfed conditions relative to conventional tillage.
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“NT practice required significantly lower total (20.6% in irrigated and 27.8% in rainfed), direct (52.5% in irrigated and 68.8% in rainfed), and nonrenewable energies (23.1% in irrigated and 32.3% in rainfed) and provided higher energy ratio (24.0% in irrigated and 53.2% in rainfed) compared to CT.”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation increased energy gain by 48.2% on average.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“Irrigation increased energy gain by 48.2% on average.”
Claim · model-written summary
Conservation tillage logarithmically reduced CO2 emissions in both rotations.
- Taxon
- Hungarian Vetcht0
- Treatment
- Conservation tillagee0
- Outcome
- CO2 emissionse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- both rotationse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“Conservation tillage logarithmically reduced CO2 emissions in both rotations.”
Claim · model-written summary
No tillage generated 68.7% lower emissions on average than conventional tillage.
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“NT and reduced tillage practices generated 68.7% and 42.2% lower emissions on average compared to CT (151.1 kg CO2/ha), respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Reduced tillage generated 42.2% lower emissions on average than conventional tillage.
Verbatim
t0“Hungarian Vetch”
e0“NT and reduced tillage practices generated 68.7% and 42.2% lower emissions on average compared to CT (151.1 kg CO2/ha), respectively.”