Abstract
To find effective ways for protecting and recovering an endangered species Rhodiola gannanica in Gannan, an important distribution region of this species in the eastern Tibetan Plateau of China, the breeding system, reproductive process, flowering phenological characteristics and other reproductive controlling factors were investigated. The results showed that there was a unique breeding system in R. gannanica, which was dioecious, and male flowers were also bisexual plants in the early stage of flower bud differentiation. While the sac of pistil was aborted in a certain stage with the development of flowers, the bisexual plants only played the role of males' functions. The outcrossing reproduction was observed, the pollination mode was mainly by wind, and the population flowering occurred in the season with abundant precipitation and high temperature. The bud satge appeared in early June, the florescence was in mid-June, and the flourishing florescence was in early July. The flo-wering duration of R. fastigiata was about 36 d, and the fruit ripening began in late August. The flo-wering time and the flowering duration of the bisexual plants were earlier than female plants. Due to the low pollination rate of the female plants, the buds and ovules were damaged and the 1-3 years young plants barely got flowering and fruiting, the rate of flowering and fruiting of the community only reached 11.0% and the rate of seed natural propagation was low (about 2.0%). 20.0%-25.1% buds of female plants were damaged from bud to flowering stages. 51.1%-65.0% flowers were aborted from flowering to fruiting stages. Only 10.1%-21.0% of ovules developed into seeds. The seed production of per female plant was 158.1, seed germination rate was 81.5% under artificial conditions, and seedling survival rate reached 36.0% in the first year. Our results revealed that seed quality was not the key ecological factor, while it was the pollen limitation, low seed production and the survival rate of seedling that resulted in the reproductive success and species endangered situation.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Rhodiola gannanica has a dioecious breeding system.
- Taxon
- Rhodiola gannanicaRhodiola gannanicat0
- Outcome
- breeding systeme1
- Qualifier
- dioeciouse1
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of reproductive ecological factors of endangered Rhodiola gannanica”
e1“there was a unique breeding system in R. gannanica, which was dioecious”
Claim · model-written summary
Outcrossing reproduction was observed in Rhodiola gannanica, with pollination mainly by wind.
- Taxon
- Rhodiola gannanicaRhodiola gannanicat0
- Outcome
- outcrossing reproductione2
- Qualifier
- mainly by winde2
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of reproductive ecological factors of endangered Rhodiola gannanica”
e2“The outcrossing reproduction was observed, the pollination mode was mainly by wind”
Claim · model-written summary
Population flowering occurred in the season with abundant precipitation and high temperature.
- Taxon
- Rhodiola gannanicaRhodiola gannanicat0
- Outcome
- population floweringe3
- Qualifier
- season with abundant precipitation and high temperaturee3
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of reproductive ecological factors of endangered Rhodiola gannanica”
e3“the population flowering occurred in the season with abundant precipitation and high temperature”
Claim · model-written summary
Buds of Rhodiola gannanica appeared in early June.
- Taxon
- Rhodiola gannanicaRhodiola gannanicat0
- Organ / stage
- bude4
- Outcome
- appearede4
- Value
- early Junee4
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of reproductive ecological factors of endangered Rhodiola gannanica”
e4“The bud satge appeared in early June”
Claim · model-written summary
Florescence of Rhodiola gannanica was in mid-June.
- Taxon
- Rhodiola gannanicaRhodiola gannanicat0
- Outcome
- florescencee5
- Value
- mid-Junee5
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of reproductive ecological factors of endangered Rhodiola gannanica”
e5“the florescence was in mid-June”
Claim · model-written summary
The flourishing florescence of Rhodiola gannanica was in early July.
- Taxon
- Rhodiola gannanicaRhodiola gannanicat0
- Outcome
- flourishing florescencee6
- Value
- early Julye6
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of reproductive ecological factors of endangered Rhodiola gannanica”
e6“the flourishing florescence was in early July”
Claim · model-written summary
The flowering duration of R. fastigiata was about 36 days.
- Taxon
- R. fastigiataRhodiola fastigiatae7
- Outcome
- flo-wering duratione7
- Value
- 36 de7
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of reproductive ecological factors of endangered Rhodiola gannanica”
e7“The flo-wering duration of R. fastigiata was about 36 d”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit ripening of Rhodiola gannanica began in late August.
- Taxon
- Rhodiola gannanicaRhodiola gannanicat0
- Outcome
- fruit ripeninge1
- Value
- late Auguste1
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of reproductive ecological factors of endangered Rhodiola gannanica”
e1“the fruit ripening began in late August”
Claim · model-written summary
Bisexual plants flowered earlier than female plants.
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of reproductive ecological factors of endangered Rhodiola gannanica”
e1“The flo-wering time and the flowering duration of the bisexual plants were earlier than female plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The rate of flowering and fruiting of the community reached only 11.0%.
- Taxon
- Rhodiola gannanicaRhodiola gannanicat0
- Outcome
- rate of flowering and fruiting of the communitye1
- Value
- 11.0%e1
- Qualifier
- only reachede1
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of reproductive ecological factors of endangered Rhodiola gannanica”
e1“the rate of flowering and fruiting of the community only reached 11.0%”
Claim · model-written summary
The 1-3 year old plants barely flowered and fruited.
- Taxon
- Rhodiola gannanicaRhodiola gannanicat0
- Organ / stage
- 1-3 years young plantse1
- Outcome
- got flowering and fruitinge1
- Qualifier
- barelye1
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of reproductive ecological factors of endangered Rhodiola gannanica”
e1“the 1-3 years young plants barely got flowering and fruiting”
Claim · model-written summary
20.0%-25.1% of buds of female plants were damaged from bud to flowering stages.
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of reproductive ecological factors of endangered Rhodiola gannanica”
e1“20.0%-25.1% buds of female plants were damaged from bud to flowering stages”
Claim · model-written summary
51.1%-65.0% of flowers were aborted from flowering to fruiting stages.
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of reproductive ecological factors of endangered Rhodiola gannanica”
e1“51.1%-65.0% flowers were aborted from flowering to fruiting stages”
Claim · model-written summary
Only 10.1%-21.0% of ovules developed into seeds.
- Taxon
- Rhodiola gannanicaRhodiola gannanicat0
- Organ / stage
- ovulese1
- Outcome
- developed into seedse1
- Value
- 10.1%-21.0%e1
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of reproductive ecological factors of endangered Rhodiola gannanica”
e1“Only 10.1%-21.0% of ovules developed into seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed production per female plant was 158.1.
- Taxon
- Rhodiola gannanicaRhodiola gannanicat0
- Material
- female plante1
- Outcome
- seed productione1
- Value
- 158.1e1
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of reproductive ecological factors of endangered Rhodiola gannanica”
e1“The seed production of per female plant was 158.1”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed germination rate was 81.5% under artificial conditions.
- Taxon
- Rhodiola gannanicaRhodiola gannanicat0
- Outcome
- seed germination ratee1
- Value
- 81.5%e1
- Setting
- artificial conditionse1
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of reproductive ecological factors of endangered Rhodiola gannanica”
e1“seed germination rate was 81.5% under artificial conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Seedling survival rate reached 36.0% in the first year.
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of reproductive ecological factors of endangered Rhodiola gannanica”
e1“seedling survival rate reached 36.0% in the first year”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed quality was not the key ecological factor for reproductive success of Rhodiola gannanica.
- Taxon
- Rhodiola gannanicaRhodiola gannanicat0
- Outcome
- seed qualitye1
- Qualifier
- not the key ecological factore1
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of reproductive ecological factors of endangered Rhodiola gannanica”
e1“seed quality was not the key ecological factor”
Claim · model-written summary
Pollen limitation, low seed production and low seedling survival resulted in the reproductive success and endangered status of Rhodiola gannanica.
- Taxon
- Rhodiola gannanicaRhodiola gannanicat0
- Outcome
- reproductive successe1
- Qualifier
- pollen limitation, low seed production and the survival rate of seedlinge1
Verbatim
t0“Analysis of reproductive ecological factors of endangered Rhodiola gannanica”
e1“while it was the pollen limitation, low seed production and the survival rate of seedling that resulted in the reproductive success and species endangered situation”