Abstract
Vegetables regarded as unsalable at processing often undergo disposal into landfill, threatening food security and increasing emissions through decomposition. Ensiling vegetables with forage crops is a suggested method of waste reduction that could also double as a livestock feed. Carrot or pumpkin, ensiled at 0%, 20% or 40% DM with crop sorghum, and with or without a second-generation silage inoculant were assessed for nutritive composition, organic acid profiles, aerobic stability and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Silage was sampled after 70-days ensiling for nutrient composition, 14-day aerobic stability, organic acid profiles and microbial diversity. Sorghum ensiled with carrot or pumpkin at 20% or 40% DM increased crude fat (P ≤ 0.01) and decreased (P ≤ 0.01) silage surface temperature upon aerobic exposure compared to the control. Bacterial communities analyzed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing linearly increased (P ≤ 0.01) in diversity as vegetable proportion increased in the silage; dominated by Lactobacillus species. Upon assessment in vitro, there was an increase (P ≤ 0.04) in in vitro digestibility and some CH4 parameters (% CH4, and mg CH4/g DM), with no effect (P ≥ 0.17) on remaining CH4 parameters (mL CH4/g DM, mg CH4/g DMD), gas production or pH. However, increasing vegetable proportion decreased acetic and increased propionic acid concentrations respectively, decreasing A:P ratio and total VFA as a result (P ≤ 0.01). Results from this study indicate including carrot or pumpkin at 20% or 40% DM in a sorghum silage can produce a highly digestible, microbially diverse and energy-rich livestock feed whilst acting as a method of waste diversion of considerable environmental benefit.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum ensiled with carrot or pumpkin at 20% or 40% DM increased crude fat compared with the control.
- Treatment
- ensiled with carrot or pumpkin at 20% or 40% DMe1
- Outcome
- crude fate1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- P ≤ 0.01e1
- Comparator
- controle1
SorghumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sorghum ensiled with carrot or pumpkin at 20% or 40% DM increased crude fat (P ≤ 0.01) and decreased (P ≤ 0.01) silage surface temperature upon aerobic exposure compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum ensiled with carrot or pumpkin at 20% or 40% DM decreased silage surface temperature upon aerobic exposure compared with the control.
- Treatment
- ensiled with carrot or pumpkin at 20% or 40% DMe1
- Outcome
- silage surface temperaturee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- upon aerobic exposuree1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Sorghum ensiled with carrot or pumpkin at 20% or 40% DM increased crude fat (P ≤ 0.01) and decreased (P ≤ 0.01) silage surface temperature upon aerobic exposure compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial diversity in the silage increased linearly as vegetable proportion increased.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carrot or pumpkin, ensiled at 0%, 20% or 40% DM with crop sorghum”
e2“Bacterial communities analyzed through 16S rRNA gene sequencing linearly increased (P ≤ 0.01) in diversity as vegetable proportion increased in the silage; dominated by Lactobacillus species”
Claim · model-written summary
In vitro digestibility of the sorghum silage increased with carrot or pumpkin inclusion.
- Treatment
- ensiled at 0%, 20% or 40% DMe0
- Outcome
- in vitro digestibilitye3
- Direction
- increasee3
- Qualifier
- P ≤ 0.04e3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carrot or pumpkin, ensiled at 0%, 20% or 40% DM with crop sorghum”
e3“there was an increase (P ≤ 0.04) in in vitro digestibility and some CH4 parameters (% CH4, and mg CH4/g DM), with no effect (P ≥ 0.17) on remaining CH4 parameters (mL CH4/g DM, mg CH4/g DMD), gas production or pH”
Claim · model-written summary
Some CH4 parameters (% CH4 and mg CH4/g DM) increased with carrot or pumpkin inclusion in the sorghum silage.
- Treatment
- ensiled at 0%, 20% or 40% DMe0
- Outcome
- CH4 parameterse3
- Direction
- increasee3
- Qualifier
- % CH4, and mg CH4/g DMe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carrot or pumpkin, ensiled at 0%, 20% or 40% DM with crop sorghum”
e3“there was an increase (P ≤ 0.04) in in vitro digestibility and some CH4 parameters (% CH4, and mg CH4/g DM), with no effect (P ≥ 0.17) on remaining CH4 parameters (mL CH4/g DM, mg CH4/g DMD), gas production or pH”
Claim · model-written summary
Carrot or pumpkin inclusion had no effect on mL CH4/g DM, mg CH4/g DMD, gas production or pH.
- Treatment
- ensiled at 0%, 20% or 40% DMe0
- Outcome
- gas production or pHe3
- Direction
- no effecte3
- Qualifier
- mL CH4/g DM, mg CH4/g DMDe3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carrot or pumpkin, ensiled at 0%, 20% or 40% DM with crop sorghum”
e3“there was an increase (P ≤ 0.04) in in vitro digestibility and some CH4 parameters (% CH4, and mg CH4/g DM), with no effect (P ≥ 0.17) on remaining CH4 parameters (mL CH4/g DM, mg CH4/g DMD), gas production or pH”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing vegetable proportion decreased acetic acid concentration in the silage.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carrot or pumpkin, ensiled at 0%, 20% or 40% DM with crop sorghum”
e4“increasing vegetable proportion decreased acetic and increased propionic acid concentrations respectively, decreasing A:P ratio and total VFA as a result (P ≤ 0.01)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing vegetable proportion increased propionic acid concentration in the silage.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carrot or pumpkin, ensiled at 0%, 20% or 40% DM with crop sorghum”
e4“increasing vegetable proportion decreased acetic and increased propionic acid concentrations respectively, decreasing A:P ratio and total VFA as a result (P ≤ 0.01)”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing vegetable proportion decreased the A:P ratio and total VFA in the silage.
- Treatment
- increasing vegetable proportione4
- Outcome
- A:P ratio and total VFAe4
- Direction
- decreasinge4
- Qualifier
- as a resulte4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Carrot or pumpkin, ensiled at 0%, 20% or 40% DM with crop sorghum”
e4“increasing vegetable proportion decreased acetic and increased propionic acid concentrations respectively, decreasing A:P ratio and total VFA as a result (P ≤ 0.01)”
Claim · model-written summary
Including carrot or pumpkin at 20% or 40% DM in sorghum silage can produce a highly digestible, microbially diverse and energy-rich livestock feed.
- Treatment
- including carrot or pumpkin at 20% or 40% DMe5
- Outcome
- highly digestible, microbially diverse and energy-rich livestock feede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Results from this study indicate including carrot or pumpkin at 20% or 40% DM in a sorghum silage can produce a highly digestible, microbially diverse and energy-rich livestock feed”
The same questions in other papers
processing · quality: grain · SorghumPositive and negative results
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- negative
- negative
- no effect
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3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 8 in the opposite direction
- positive
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See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.