Abstract
Abstract Global food wastage equates to about 1.3 billion tons per year, which causes serious environmental impacts. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influences of addition of digestate from food waste in comparison to a synthetic liquid urea ammonium nitrate solution on plant growth, rhizosphere bacterial community composition and diversity, and hyphal abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Plant and soil samples were collected at 25, 50, and 75 days after seedling emergence. Annual ryegrass growth was significantly increased by both liquid urea ammonium nitrate and digestate, and digestate was just as effective as liquid urea ammonium nitrate. Additionally, digestate (50 kg N ha −1 ) significantly increased AM fungal hyphae density. Liquid urea ammonium nitrate (50 kg N ha −1 ) significantly decreased AM fungal hyphae density compared with liquid urea ammonium nitrate (25 kg N ha −1 ) at DAE 75. Digestate and liquid urea ammonium nitrate applications significantly shifted the bacterial community composition and OTU richness and changed the abundance of microbial C and N-cycling genes, while application rates had no significant effect. Structural equation modeling showed that digestate and UAN addition both directly and indirectly affected bacterial, C and N cycling genes community composition; the indirect effects were related to increased soil NO 3 − content and reduced pH. This study showed that the use of digestate as a soil amendment can be environmentally effective and can provide a sustainable supply of nutrients that increases soil organic C. Moreover, the use of digestate can readily be incorporated into agricultural practices with potentially less impact on soil microflora diversity and function than conventional fertilizers.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Digestate significantly increased annual ryegrass growth.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Annual ryegrass growth was significantly increased by both liquid urea ammonium nitrate and digestate, and digestate was just as effective as liquid urea ammonium nitrate”
Claim · model-written summary
Liquid urea ammonium nitrate significantly increased annual ryegrass growth.
- Taxon
- Annual ryegrasse0
- Treatment
- liquid urea ammonium nitratee0
- Outcome
- Annual ryegrass growthe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Annual ryegrass growth was significantly increased by both liquid urea ammonium nitrate and digestate, and digestate was just as effective as liquid urea ammonium nitrate”
Claim · model-written summary
Digestate was as effective as liquid urea ammonium nitrate for ryegrass growth.
- Taxon
- Annual ryegrasse1
- Treatment
- digestatee0
- Outcome
- just as effectivee0
- Qualifier
- just as effectivee0
- Comparator
- liquid urea ammonium nitratee0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“digestate was just as effective as liquid urea ammonium nitrate”
e1“Annual ryegrass growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Digestate at 50 kg N ha −1 significantly increased AM fungal hyphae density.
- Taxon
- Annual ryegrasse1
- Treatment
- digestate (50 kg N ha −1 )e0
- Interactor
- AM fungale0symbiont
- Outcome
- AM fungal hyphae densitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“digestate (50 kg N ha −1 ) significantly increased AM fungal hyphae density”
e1“Annual ryegrass growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Liquid urea ammonium nitrate at 50 kg N ha −1 significantly reduced AM fungal hyphae density versus 25 kg N ha −1 at DAE 75.
Verbatim
e0“Liquid urea ammonium nitrate (50 kg N ha −1 ) significantly decreased AM fungal hyphae density compared with liquid urea ammonium nitrate (25 kg N ha −1 ) at DAE 75”
e1“Annual ryegrass growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Digestate significantly shifted rhizosphere bacterial community composition, OTU richness, and C and N cycling gene abundance.
- Taxon
- Annual ryegrasse1
- Treatment
- Digestatee0
- Interactor
- bacteriale0other
- Outcome
- bacterial community composition and OTU richnesse0
- Direction
- shiftede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Digestate and liquid urea ammonium nitrate applications significantly shifted the bacterial community composition and OTU richness and changed the abundance of microbial C and N-cycling genes”
e1“Annual ryegrass growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Liquid urea ammonium nitrate significantly shifted rhizosphere bacterial community composition and OTU richness.
- Taxon
- Annual ryegrasse1
- Treatment
- liquid urea ammonium nitratee0
- Interactor
- bacteriale0other
- Outcome
- bacterial community composition and OTU richnesse0
- Direction
- shiftede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Digestate and liquid urea ammonium nitrate applications significantly shifted the bacterial community composition and OTU richness and changed the abundance of microbial C and N-cycling genes”
e1“Annual ryegrass growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Application rates had no significant effect on rhizosphere bacterial community measures.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“while application rates had no significant effect”
e1“Annual ryegrass growth”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded digestate may have less impact on soil microflora diversity and function than conventional fertilizers.
Verbatim
e0“the use of digestate can readily be incorporated into agricultural practices with potentially less impact on soil microflora diversity and function than conventional fertilizers”
e1“Annual ryegrass growth”