Abstract
Boron (B) is a microelement required in vascular plants at a high concentration that produces excess boron and toxicity in many crops. B stress occurs widely and limits plant growth and crop productivity worldwide. Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential hormone in plants and is a phenolic compound. The goal of this work is to explore the role of SA in the alleviation of excess B (10 mg L−1) in watermelon plants at a morphological and biochemical level. Excess boron altered the nutrient concentrations and caused a significant reduction in morphological criteria; chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids; net photosynthetic rate; and the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of watermelon seedlings, while intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2) was significantly increased compared to the control plants (0.5 mg L−1 B). Furthermore, excess boron accelerated the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and induced cellular oxidative injury. The application of exogenous SA significantly increased chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in plants exposed to excess B (10 mg L−1), in line with the role of SA in alleviating chlorosis caused by B stress. Exogenously applied SA promoted photosynthesis and, consequently, biomass production in watermelon seedlings treated with a high level of B (10 mg L−1) by reducing B accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and the generation of H2O2, while significantly increasing levels of the most reactive ROS, OH−. SA also activated antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and protected the seedlings from an ROS induced cellular burst. In conclusion, SA can be used to alleviate the adverse effects of excess boron.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Excess boron altered nutrient concentrations in watermelon seedlings.
- Taxon
- watermelon
Citrullus lanatuse0 - Treatment
- Excess borone0
- Outcome
- nutrient concentrationse0
- Comparator
- control plants (0.5 mg L−1 B)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess boron altered the nutrient concentrations and caused a significant reduction in morphological criteria; chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids; net photosynthetic rate; and the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of watermelon seedlings, while intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2) was significantly increased compared to the control plants (0.5 mg L−1 B).”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess boron significantly reduced morphological criteria.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Treatment
- Excess borone0
- Outcome
- morphological criteriae0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- control plants (0.5 mg L−1 B)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess boron altered the nutrient concentrations and caused a significant reduction in morphological criteria; chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids; net photosynthetic rate; and the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of watermelon seedlings, while intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2) was significantly increased compared to the control plants (0.5 mg L−1 B).”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess boron significantly reduced chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Treatment
- Excess borone0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoidse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- control plants (0.5 mg L−1 B)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess boron altered the nutrient concentrations and caused a significant reduction in morphological criteria; chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids; net photosynthetic rate; and the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of watermelon seedlings, while intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2) was significantly increased compared to the control plants (0.5 mg L−1 B).”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess boron significantly reduced net photosynthetic rate.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Treatment
- Excess borone0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- control plants (0.5 mg L−1 B)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess boron altered the nutrient concentrations and caused a significant reduction in morphological criteria; chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids; net photosynthetic rate; and the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of watermelon seedlings, while intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2) was significantly increased compared to the control plants (0.5 mg L−1 B).”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess boron significantly reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration rate.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Treatment
- Excess borone0
- Outcome
- stomatal conductance and transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Comparator
- control plants (0.5 mg L−1 B)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess boron altered the nutrient concentrations and caused a significant reduction in morphological criteria; chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids; net photosynthetic rate; and the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of watermelon seedlings, while intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2) was significantly increased compared to the control plants (0.5 mg L−1 B).”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess boron significantly increased intercellular CO2.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Treatment
- Excess borone0
- Outcome
- intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control plants (0.5 mg L−1 B)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Excess boron altered the nutrient concentrations and caused a significant reduction in morphological criteria; chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids; net photosynthetic rate; and the stomatal conductance and transpiration rate of watermelon seedlings, while intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2) was significantly increased compared to the control plants (0.5 mg L−1 B).”
Claim · model-written summary
Excess boron increased ROS generation including H2O2 and induced cellular oxidative injury.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- excess borone0
- Outcome
- generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)e0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Furthermore, excess boron accelerated the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and induced cellular oxidative injury.”
t0“Watermelons under Excess Boron”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid significantly increased chlorophyll and carotenoid content under excess boron.
- Taxon
- WatermelonsCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- exogenous SAe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll and carotenoid contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- excess B (10 mg L−1)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The application of exogenous SA significantly increased chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in plants exposed to excess B (10 mg L−1), in line with the role of SA in alleviating chlorosis caused by B stress.”
t0“Watermelons under Excess Boron”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid promoted photosynthesis and biomass in high-boron watermelon seedlings.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Treatment
- Exogenously applied SAe0
- Outcome
- photosynthesis and, consequently, biomass productione0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- high level of B (10 mg L−1)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenously applied SA promoted photosynthesis and, consequently, biomass production in watermelon seedlings treated with a high level of B (10 mg L−1) by reducing B accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and the generation of H2O2, while significantly increasing levels of the most reactive ROS, OH−.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid reduced B accumulation, lipid peroxidation and H2O2 generation in high-boron seedlings.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Treatment
- Exogenously applied SAe0
- Outcome
- B accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and the generation of H2O2e0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenously applied SA promoted photosynthesis and, consequently, biomass production in watermelon seedlings treated with a high level of B (10 mg L−1) by reducing B accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and the generation of H2O2, while significantly increasing levels of the most reactive ROS, OH−.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid significantly increased OH− levels under high boron.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse0
- Treatment
- Exogenously applied SAe0
- Outcome
- levels of the most reactive ROS, OH−e0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenously applied SA promoted photosynthesis and, consequently, biomass production in watermelon seedlings treated with a high level of B (10 mg L−1) by reducing B accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and the generation of H2O2, while significantly increasing levels of the most reactive ROS, OH−.”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid activated SOD, POD and APX antioxidant enzymes.
- Taxon
- WatermelonsCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)e0
- Direction
- activatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA also activated antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and protected the seedlings from an ROS induced cellular burst.”
t0“Watermelons under Excess Boron”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid protected seedlings from ROS-induced cellular burst.
- Taxon
- WatermelonsCitrullus lanatust0
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Outcome
- protected the seedlings from an ROS induced cellular burste0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA also activated antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and protected the seedlings from an ROS induced cellular burst.”
t0“Watermelons under Excess Boron”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend SA to alleviate excess-boron harm.
- Taxon
- WatermelonsCitrullus lanatust0
- Outcome
- SA can be used to alleviate the adverse effects of excess borone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In conclusion, SA can be used to alleviate the adverse effects of excess boron.”
t0“Watermelons under Excess Boron”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Citrullus lanatus (watermelon)Results differ
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →boron atom · physiology: oxidative · Citrullus lanatus (watermelon)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
boron atom · physiology: photosynthesis · Citrullus lanatus (watermelon)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
salicylic acid · physiology: photosynthesis · Citrullus lanatus (watermelon)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
boron atom · molecular: metabolites · Citrullus lanatus (watermelon)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
salicylic acid · physiology: pigments · Citrullus lanatus (watermelon)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
salicylic acid · physiology: oxidative · Citrullus lanatus (watermelon)Results agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.