Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) is a root-colonizing fungus that can be detrimental or beneficial to the plant. Pathogenic Fo isolates colonize the vasculature causing wilt disease. Most Fo strains, however, are harmless endophytes conferring biocontrol to various root pathogens. How endophyte-mediate resistance (EMR) is conferred is unknown. We report Fo-induced EMR in tomato to be correlated with induction of localized cell death and the specific accumulation of two plant proteins, NP24 (a PR-5) and a β-glucanase, in the xylem sap. Pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) appears not to be required for EMR, as the latter response was still mounted in PTI-compromised tomato, despite their hyper-colonization by endophytic Fo isolates. Notably, co-inoculation of a virulent and an avirulent Fo strain on a resistant plant can also reduce susceptibility of a host to a virulent strain. We found this type of cross protection induced by avirulent pathogens in tomato to be less potent than EMR induced by endophytic Fo, implying distinct mechanisms to be involved in inducing resistance to pathogenic Fo. Application of Fo endophytes could provide a sustainable alternative to the employment of fungicides. Therefore, a methodology to mass-produce Fo spores and to monitor their effects in crops was developed. A pilot study in a potato field showed that Fo endophytes do not negatively affect yield. This protocol can now be used as a stepping stone to assess biocontrol potential of Fo under field conditions for various crops. The thesis elaborates on molecular mechanisms involved in EMR and provides directions for further research.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Fo-induced resistance in tomato correlated with localized cell death and xylem accumulation of NP24 and β-glucanase.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Interactor
- Foe0pathogen
- Gene
- NP24 (a PR-5) and a β-glucanasee0
- Outcome
- Fo-induced EMRe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We report Fo-induced EMR in tomato to be correlated with induction of localized cell death and the specific accumulation of two plant proteins, NP24 (a PR-5) and a β-glucanase, in the xylem sap”
Claim · model-written summary
PTI-compromised tomato still mounted endophyte-mediated resistance.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- PTI-compromised tomatoe0
- Interactor
- Foe1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- response was still mountede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the latter response was still mounted in PTI-compromised tomato”
e1“endophytic Fo isolates”
Claim · model-written summary
PTI-compromised tomato was hyper-colonized by endophytic Fo isolates.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Interactor
- endophytic Fo isolatese0symbiont
- Outcome
- hyper-colonizatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“despite their hyper-colonization by endophytic Fo isolates”
e1“PTI-compromised tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Coinoculation of virulent and avirulent Fo reduced tomato host susceptibility.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- co-inoculation of a virulent and an avirulent Fo straine0
- Interactor
- virulent Fo straine0pathogen
- Second interactor
- avirulent Fo straine0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- susceptibility of a hoste0
- Direction
- reducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“co-inoculation of a virulent and an avirulent Fo strain on a resistant plant can also reduce susceptibility of a host to a virulent strain”
e1“We found this type of cross protection induced by avirulent pathogens in tomato to be less potent than EMR induced by endophytic Fo”
Claim · model-written summary
Avirulent pathogen cross protection in tomato was less potent than endophytic Fo induced resistance.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- avirulent pathogense0pathogen
- Second interactor
- endophytic Foe0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- cross protectione0
- Direction
- less potente0
- Comparator
- EMR induced by endophytic Foe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cross protection induced by avirulent pathogens in tomato to be less potent than EMR induced by endophytic Fo”
Claim · model-written summary
Fo endophytes did not negatively affect potato yield in a pilot field study.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosume0 - Treatment
- Fo endophytese0
- Interactor
- Fo endophytese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- do not negatively affecte0
- Setting
- potato fielde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A pilot study in a potato field showed that Fo endophytes do not negatively affect yield”
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