Abstract
Weed–crop competition and reduced soil fertility are some of the main reasons for decreased crop yields in Pakistan. Allelopathy can be applied to combat the problems of environmental degradation by reducing pesticide use and through reduction of herbicide-resistant weeds. A two-year field experiment (2014–2015) was conducted to assess the impact of incorporation of various levels of brassica residues and brassica water extract on the growth of mung bean and soil attributes. Two brassica water extract levels (10, 20 L/ha) and two residue levels (4, 6 t/ha) were tested, and a treatment with no water extract and residue incorporation was used as the control. The results showed that the water extract and residue incorporation had diverse impacts on soil fertility indices and weed dynamics, where treatment with 6 t/ha had more significant impacts. Compared with the control, reductions of 61% in dry weight of weeds and 52% in weed density were observed. After cropping, improved soil properties in terms of available potassium, available phosphorus, soil organic matter, and total nitrogen were higher in the rhizosphere (0–15 cm) soil after the treatments of residue incorporation, i.e., 59–91%, 62–84%, 29–45%, and 52–65% higher than the control, respectively. Meanwhile, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase concentrations in the rhizosphere soil were 26–41% and 52–74% higher than with the control, respectively. The highest economic return with a high benefit–cost ratio was recorded with residue incorporation. In conclusion, addition of crop residues at 6 t/ha was the most effective and economical treatment with the highest net benefit rate of returns. This approach can provide a potential alternative for implementing sustainable weed control in mung bean with significant improvement in soil properties and can be a part of sustainable and eco-friendly agriculture.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Residue treatment reduced weed dry weight by 61% against the control.
- Taxon
- mung bean
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatae1 - Treatment
- residue incorporatione2
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- dry weight of weedse0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 61%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control, reductions of 61% in dry weight of weeds and 52% in weed density were observed.”
e1“growth of mung bean”
e2“treatments of residue incorporation”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue treatment reduced weed density by 52% against the control.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- residue incorporatione2
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed densitye0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 52%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared with the control, reductions of 61% in dry weight of weeds and 52% in weed density were observed.”
e1“growth of mung bean”
e2“treatments of residue incorporation”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue incorporation raised available potassium in rhizosphere soil by 59–91%.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- residue incorporatione0
- Outcome
- available potassiume0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 59–91%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available potassium, available phosphorus, soil organic matter, and total nitrogen were higher in the rhizosphere (0–15 cm) soil after the treatments of residue incorporation, i.e., 59–91%, 62–84%, 29–45%, and 52–65% higher than the control, respectively.”
e1“growth of mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue incorporation raised available phosphorus by 62–84%.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- residue incorporatione0
- Outcome
- available phosphoruse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 62–84%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available potassium, available phosphorus, soil organic matter, and total nitrogen were higher in the rhizosphere (0–15 cm) soil after the treatments of residue incorporation, i.e., 59–91%, 62–84%, 29–45%, and 52–65% higher than the control, respectively.”
e1“growth of mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue incorporation raised soil organic matter by 29–45%.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- residue incorporatione0
- Outcome
- soil organic mattere0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 29–45%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available potassium, available phosphorus, soil organic matter, and total nitrogen were higher in the rhizosphere (0–15 cm) soil after the treatments of residue incorporation, i.e., 59–91%, 62–84%, 29–45%, and 52–65% higher than the control, respectively.”
e1“growth of mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue incorporation raised total nitrogen by 52–65%.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- residue incorporatione0
- Outcome
- total nitrogene0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 52–65%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available potassium, available phosphorus, soil organic matter, and total nitrogen were higher in the rhizosphere (0–15 cm) soil after the treatments of residue incorporation, i.e., 59–91%, 62–84%, 29–45%, and 52–65% higher than the control, respectively.”
e1“growth of mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizosphere alkaline phosphatase was 26–41% higher than control.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- residue incorporatione2
- Outcome
- alkaline phosphatasee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 26–41%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase concentrations in the rhizosphere soil were 26–41% and 52–74% higher than with the control, respectively.”
e1“growth of mung bean”
e2“treatments of residue incorporation”
Claim · model-written summary
Rhizosphere dehydrogenase was 52–74% higher than control.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- residue incorporatione2
- Outcome
- dehydrogenase concentrationse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 52–74%e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase concentrations in the rhizosphere soil were 26–41% and 52–74% higher than with the control, respectively.”
e1“growth of mung bean”
e2“treatments of residue incorporation”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue incorporation produced the highest economic return and benefit–cost ratio.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- residue incorporatione0
- Outcome
- economic return with a high benefit–cost ratioe0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest economic return with a high benefit–cost ratio was recorded with residue incorporation.”
e1“growth of mung bean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 6 t/ha residue addition as the most effective and economical treatment.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae1
- Outcome
- addition of crop residues at 6 t/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“addition of crop residues at 6 t/ha was the most effective and economical treatment with the highest net benefit rate of returns.”
e1“growth of mung bean”
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.