Abstract
The reduction of herbicide use and herbicide-resistant weeds through allelopathy can be a sustainable strategy to combat the concerns of environmental degradation. Allelopathic crop residues carry great potential both as weed suppressers and soil quality enhancers. The influence of sorghum crop residues and water extracts on the weed population, soil enzyme activities, the microbial community, and mung bean crop productivity was investigated in a two-year experiment at the Student Research Farm, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. The experimental treatments comprised two levels of sorghum water extract (10 and 20 L ha−1) and two residue application rates (4 and 6 t ha−1), and no sorghum water extract and residues were used as the control. The results indicated that the incorporation of sorghum water extract and residue resulted in significant changes in weed dynamics and the soil quality indices. Significant reduction in weed density (62%) and in the dry weight of weeds (65%) was observed in T5. After the harvest, better soil quality indices in terms of the microbial population (72–90%) and microbial activity (32–50%) were observed in the rhizosphere (0–15 cm) by the same treatment. After cropping, improved soil properties in terms of available potassium, available phosphorus soil organic matter, and total nitrogen were higher after the treatment of residue was incorporated, i.e., 52–65%, 29–45%, 62–84%, and 59–91%, respectively. In the case of soil enzymes, alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase levels in the soil were 35–41% and 52–77% higher, respectively. However, residue incorporation at 6 t ha−1 had the greatest effect in improving the soil quality indices, mung bean productivity, and reduction of weed density. In conclusion, the incorporation of 6 t ha−1 sorghum residues may be opted to improve soil quality indices, suppress weeds, harvest a better seed yield (37%), and achieve higher profitability (306 $ ha−1) by weed suppression, yield, and rhizospheric properties of spring-planted mung beans. This strategy can provide a probable substitute for instigating sustainable weed control and significant improvement of soil properties in the mung bean crop, which can be a part of eco-friendly and sustainable agriculture.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
T5 reduced weed density by 62%.
- Taxon
- mung bean
.jpg?width=60)
Vigna radiatae1 - Treatment
- T5e0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- weed densitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 62%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Significant reduction in weed density (62%) and in the dry weight of weeds (65%) was observed in T5.”
e1“mung beans”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 reduced weed dry weight by 65%.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- T5e0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- dry weight of weedse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 65%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant reduction in weed density (62%) and in the dry weight of weeds (65%) was observed in T5.”
e1“mung beans”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 improved rhizosphere microbial population by 72–90%.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- same treatmente0
- Outcome
- microbial populatione0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Value
- 72–90%e0
- Qualifier
- rhizosphere (0–15 cm)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“better soil quality indices in terms of the microbial population (72–90%) and microbial activity (32–50%) were observed in the rhizosphere (0–15 cm) by the same treatment.”
e1“mung beans”
Claim · model-written summary
T5 improved rhizosphere microbial activity by 32–50%.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- same treatmente0
- Outcome
- microbial activitye0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Value
- 32–50%e0
- Qualifier
- rhizosphere (0–15 cm)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“better soil quality indices in terms of the microbial population (72–90%) and microbial activity (32–50%) were observed in the rhizosphere (0–15 cm) by the same treatment.”
e1“mung beans”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue incorporation increased available potassium by 52–65%.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- residue was incorporatede0
- Outcome
- available potassiume0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 52–65%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available potassium, available phosphorus soil organic matter, and total nitrogen were higher after the treatment of residue was incorporated, i.e., 52–65%, 29–45%, 62–84%, and 59–91%, respectively.”
e1“mung beans”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue incorporation increased available phosphorus by 29–45%.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- residue was incorporatede0
- Outcome
- available phosphoruse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 29–45%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available potassium, available phosphorus soil organic matter, and total nitrogen were higher after the treatment of residue was incorporated, i.e., 52–65%, 29–45%, 62–84%, and 59–91%, respectively.”
e1“mung beans”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue incorporation increased soil organic matter by 62–84%.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- residue was incorporatede0
- Outcome
- soil organic mattere0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 62–84%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available potassium, available phosphorus soil organic matter, and total nitrogen were higher after the treatment of residue was incorporated, i.e., 52–65%, 29–45%, 62–84%, and 59–91%, respectively.”
e1“mung beans”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue incorporation increased total nitrogen by 59–91%.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- residue was incorporatede0
- Outcome
- total nitrogene0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 59–91%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available potassium, available phosphorus soil organic matter, and total nitrogen were higher after the treatment of residue was incorporated, i.e., 52–65%, 29–45%, 62–84%, and 59–91%, respectively.”
e1“mung beans”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil alkaline phosphatase was 35–41% higher.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae1
- Outcome
- alkaline phosphatasee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 35–41%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase levels in the soil were 35–41% and 52–77% higher, respectively.”
e1“mung beans”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil dehydrogenase was 52–77% higher.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae1
- Outcome
- dehydrogenase levels in the soile0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 52–77%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase levels in the soil were 35–41% and 52–77% higher, respectively.”
e1“mung beans”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue at 6 t ha−1 had the greatest soil quality improvement.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- residue incorporation at 6 t ha−1e0
- Outcome
- soil quality indicese0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“residue incorporation at 6 t ha−1 had the greatest effect in improving the soil quality indices, mung bean productivity, and reduction of weed density.”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue at 6 t ha−1 had the greatest mung bean productivity improvement.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- residue incorporation at 6 t ha−1e0
- Outcome
- mung bean productivitye0
- Direction
- greateste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“residue incorporation at 6 t ha−1 had the greatest effect in improving the soil quality indices, mung bean productivity, and reduction of weed density.”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue at 6 t ha−1 had the greatest weed density reduction.
- Taxon
- mung beanVigna radiatae0
- Treatment
- residue incorporation at 6 t ha−1e0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed densitye0
- Direction
- reductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“residue incorporation at 6 t ha−1 had the greatest effect in improving the soil quality indices, mung bean productivity, and reduction of weed density.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 6 t ha−1 sorghum residue to improve seed yield by 37%.
- Taxon
- mung beansVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- incorporation of 6 t ha−1 sorghum residuese0
- Outcome
- better seed yielde0
- Value
- 37%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“incorporation of 6 t ha−1 sorghum residues may be opted to improve soil quality indices, suppress weeds, harvest a better seed yield (37%), and achieve higher profitability (306 $ ha−1)”
e1“mung beans”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend 6 t ha−1 sorghum residue for 306 $ ha−1 higher profitability.
- Taxon
- mung beansVigna radiatae1
- Treatment
- incorporation of 6 t ha−1 sorghum residuese0
- Outcome
- higher profitabilitye0
- Value
- 306 $ ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“incorporation of 6 t ha−1 sorghum residues may be opted to improve soil quality indices, suppress weeds, harvest a better seed yield (37%), and achieve higher profitability (306 $ ha−1)”
e1“mung beans”
The same questions in other papers
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- no effect
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See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.