Abstract
AIM: To investigate the genetic and pathogenic variability of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae causing bacterial blight in rice on the remote Andaman Islands, India. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 27 yellow-pigmented bacterial isolates representing rice fields of Andaman Islands incited blight on the susceptible-rice cultivar, C14-8. Phenotypic, pathogenic traits and 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed their identity as X. oryzae pv. oryzae. Virulence profiling indicated the prevalence of seven pathotypes of X. oryzae pv. oryzae on the Islands. Pathotypes-VI and -VII were highly virulent, whereas the pathotype-I was less virulent. Multilocus sequence typing based on nucleotide sequence polymorphism in nine housekeeping genes dnaK; fyuA; gyrB (two loci): rpoD; fusA; gapA; gltA and lepA clustered 27 isolates into 17 sequence types (STs) segregated into two clonal-complexes (CC). While CC-I comprised of isolates from Andaman Island, the CC-II is a mixture of isolates representing mainland India and Andaman Island. The data revealed trans-boundary pathogen introduction and a consequent intra-regional diversification on these islands due to the deployment of different rice cultivars in different regions. CONCLUSIONS: Genotyping and pathotyping of sland isolates revealed seven pathotypes distributed in two clonal complexes with strong indications for trans-boundary movement and consequent diversification of the bacterial pathogen. Highly virulent pathotypes of X. oryzae pv. oryzae that could overcome combinations of R-genes, xa13+Xa21 as well as xa5+xa13 were found prevalent in the Andaman Islands SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Genetic and virulence analysis of X. oryzae pv. oryzae in the Andaman Islands revealed introduction and host-mediated regional diversification and local adaptation of X oryzae pv. oryzae. The study calls for the need of multi-gene pyramiding for durable disease resistance and establishing stringent quarantine measures for safeguarding island agricultural practices in the future.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty-seven isolates caused blight on susceptible rice cultivar C14-8.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Material
- C14-8e0
- Interactor
- bacterial isolatese0pathogen
- Outcome
- incited blighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“27 yellow-pigmented bacterial isolates representing rice fields of Andaman Islands incited blight on the susceptible-rice cultivar, C14-8”
Claim · model-written summary
The isolates were identified as X. oryzae pv. oryzae.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- X. oryzae pv. oryzae
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzaee0pathogen - Outcome
- identity as X. oryzae pv. oryzaee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phenotypic, pathogenic traits and 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed their identity as X. oryzae pv. oryzae”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Seven pathogen pathotypes were prevalent on the islands.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- X. oryzae pv. oryzaeXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- seven pathotypes of X. oryzae pv. oryzaee0
- Value
- sevene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“prevalence of seven pathotypes of X. oryzae pv. oryzae on the Islands”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathotypes VI and VII were highly virulent.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Pathotypes-VI and -VIIe0
- Outcome
- highly virulente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pathotypes-VI and -VII were highly virulent”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Pathotype I was less virulent.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- pathotype-Ie0
- Outcome
- virulente0
- Direction
- lesse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“pathotype-I was less virulent”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Typing clustered 27 isolates into 17 sequence types and two clonal complexes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- 17 sequence types (STs) segregated into two clonal-complexes (CC)e0
- Value
- 17 sequence types (STs)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“clustered 27 isolates into 17 sequence types (STs) segregated into two clonal-complexes (CC)”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CC-I contained Andaman Island isolates.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- CC-I comprised of isolates from Andaman Islande0
- Setting
- Andaman Islande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CC-I comprised of isolates from Andaman Island”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
CC-II contained mainland India and Andaman Island isolates.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- CC-II is a mixture of isolates representing mainland India and Andaman Islande0
- Setting
- mainland India and Andaman Islande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CC-II is a mixture of isolates representing mainland India and Andaman Island”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Highly virulent pathotypes able to overcome xa13+Xa21 and xa5+xa13 combinations were prevalent in the Andaman Islands.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- X. oryzae pv. oryzaeXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzaee0pathogen
- Gene
- xa13+Xa21e0
- Outcome
- could overcome combinations of R-genes, xa13+Xa21 as well as xa5+xa13e0
- Setting
- Andaman Islandse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Highly virulent pathotypes of X. oryzae pv. oryzae that could overcome combinations of R-genes, xa13+Xa21 as well as xa5+xa13 were found prevalent in the Andaman Islands”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer trans-boundary introduction and host-mediated regional diversification of the pathogen.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- X oryzae pv. oryzaeXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- introduction and host-mediated regional diversification and local adaptation of X oryzae pv. oryzaee0
- Qualifier
- host-mediatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“revealed introduction and host-mediated regional diversification and local adaptation of X oryzae pv. oryzae”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors call for multi-gene pyramiding for durable resistance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- multi-gene pyramiding for durable disease resistancee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“need of multi-gene pyramiding for durable disease resistance”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors call for stringent quarantine measures to safeguard island agriculture.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- stringent quarantine measures for safeguarding island agricultural practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“establishing stringent quarantine measures for safeguarding island agricultural practices”
t0“rice”