Abstract
Abstract Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor is a notorious pest of wheat. Previous studies suggest that Hessian fly uses effector‐based mechanisms to attack wheat plants during parasitism, but no direct evidence has been reported to support this postulation. Here, we produced recombinant proteins for five Family‐1 candidate effectors and antibodies. Indirect immunostaining and western blots were carried out to examine the localization of Hessian fly Family‐1 proteins in plant and insect tissues. Confocal images revealed that Family‐1 putative effectors were exclusively produced in the basal region of larval salivary glands, which are directly linked to the mandibles’ ducts for effector injection. The five Family‐1 proteins were detected in infested host plants on western blots. Indirect immunostaining of sectioned host tissues around the feeding site revealed strikingly different localization patterns between resistant and susceptible plants. In susceptible plants, the Family‐1 proteins penetrated from the feeding cell into deep tissues, indicative of movement between cells during nutritive cell formation. In contrast, the Hessian fly proteins were primarily limited to the initially attacked cells in resistant plants. The limitation of effectors’ spread in resistant plants was likely due to wall strengthening and rapid hypersensitive cell death. Cell death was found in Nicotiana benthamiana in association with hypersensitive reaction triggered by the Family‐1 effector SSGP‐1A2. Our finding represents a significant progress in visualizing insect effectors in host tissues and mechanisms of plant resistance and susceptibility to gall midge pests.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Family-1 putative effectors were produced exclusively in the basal region of Hessian fly larval salivary glands.
- Taxon
- Hessian fly
Mayetiola destructort0 - Organ / stage
- larval salivary glandse0
- Outcome
- exclusively produced in the basal region of larval salivary glandse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Family‐1 putative effectors were exclusively produced in the basal region of larval salivary glands”
t0“Hessian fly candidate effectors in resistant and susceptible wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The five Family-1 proteins were detected on western blots in infested host plants.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Interactor
- Hessian flyMayetiola destructort0pest
- Outcome
- detected in infested host plantse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The five Family‐1 proteins were detected in infested host plants on western blots”
t0“Hessian fly candidate effectors in resistant and susceptible wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
In susceptible wheat plants the Hessian fly Family-1 proteins penetrated from the feeding cell into deep tissues.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- susceptible plantse0
- Interactor
- Hessian flyMayetiola destructort0pest
- Outcome
- penetrated from the feeding cell into deep tissuese0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In susceptible plants, the Family‐1 proteins penetrated from the feeding cell into deep tissues”
t0“Hessian fly candidate effectors in resistant and susceptible wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
In resistant wheat plants the Hessian fly proteins were primarily limited to the initially attacked cells.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- resistant plantse0
- Interactor
- Hessian flyMayetiola destructore0pest
- Outcome
- primarily limited to the initially attacked cellse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the Hessian fly proteins were primarily limited to the initially attacked cells in resistant plants”
t0“Hessian fly candidate effectors in resistant and susceptible wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors propose that limited effector spread in resistant plants was likely due to wall strengthening and rapid hypersensitive cell death.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Material
- resistant plantse0
- Outcome
- limitation of effectors’ spreade0
- Qualifier
- wall strengthening and rapid hypersensitive cell deathe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The limitation of effectors’ spread in resistant plants was likely due to wall strengthening and rapid hypersensitive cell death”
t0“Hessian fly candidate effectors in resistant and susceptible wheat plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Cell death was found in Nicotiana benthamiana in association with a hypersensitive reaction triggered by the Family-1 effector SSGP-1A2.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Gene
- SSGP‐1A2e0
- Outcome
- Cell deathe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cell death was found in Nicotiana benthamiana in association with hypersensitive reaction triggered by the Family‐1 effector SSGP‐1A2”