Abstract
Newcastle disease (ND) is a viral disease that causes laboured breathing, periorbital oedema, and ataxia in the majority of avian species. The available vaccines against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are limited, owing to their low reactivity and multiple dosage requirements. Plant-based machinery provides an attractive and safe system for vaccine production. In the current study, we attempted to express fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) proteins (the protective antigens against NDV) under constitutive 35S and seed-specific Zein promoters, respectively. Almost 2–7.1-fold higher expression of F gene mRNA in corn leaves and 8–28-fold higher expression of HN gene mRNA in corn seeds were observed, when the expression was analysed by real-time PCR on a relative basis. Similarly, 1.66 μg/ml of F protein in corn leaves, i.e. 0.5% of total soluble protein, and 2.4 μg/ml of HN protein in corn seed, i.e. 0.8% of total seed protein, were found when calculated through ELISA. Similar levels of immunological response were generated in chicks immunised through injection of E. coli-produced pET F and pET HN protein as in chickens orally fed leaves and seeds of maize with expressed immunogenic protein. Moreover, the detection of anti-NDV antibodies in the sera of chickens that were fed maize with immunogenic protein, and the absence of these antibodies in chickens fed a normal diet, confirmed the specificity of the antibodies generated through feeding, and demonstrated the potential of utilising plants for producing more vaccine doses. vaccine generation at higher levels and against other infectious diseases.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
F gene mRNA was 2–7.1-fold higher in corn leaves under the constitutive 35S promoter.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse1 - Organ / stage
- corn leavese1
- Treatment
- constitutive 35Se2
- Gene
- F genee1
- Outcome
- expression of F gene mRNAe1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 2–7.1-folde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Almost 2–7.1-fold higher expression of F gene mRNA in corn leaves”
e2“under constitutive 35S and seed-specific Zein promoters”
Claim · model-written summary
HN gene mRNA was 8–28-fold higher in corn seeds under the seed-specific Zein promoter.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse3
- Organ / stage
- corn seedse3
- Treatment
- seed-specific Zein promoterse2
- Gene
- HN genee3
- Outcome
- expression of HN gene mRNAe3
- Direction
- highere3
- Value
- 8–28-folde3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“8–28-fold higher expression of HN gene mRNA in corn seeds”
e2“under constitutive 35S and seed-specific Zein promoters”
Claim · model-written summary
F protein reached 1.66 μg/ml in corn leaves, 0.5% of total soluble protein.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse4
- Organ / stage
- corn leavese4
- Outcome
- F proteine4
- Value
- 1.66 μg/mle4
- Qualifier
- 0.5% of total soluble proteine4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“1.66 μg/ml of F protein in corn leaves, i.e. 0.5% of total soluble protein”
Claim · model-written summary
HN protein reached 2.4 μg/ml in corn seed, 0.8% of total seed protein.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse5
- Organ / stage
- corn seede5
- Outcome
- HN proteine5
- Value
- 2.4 μg/mle5
- Qualifier
- 0.8% of total seed proteine5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“2.4 μg/ml of HN protein in corn seed, i.e. 0.8% of total seed protein”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize-fed chickens and chicks injected with E. coli-produced antigens generated similar levels of immunological response.
- Treatment
- orally fed leaves and seeds of maize with expressed immunogenic proteine6
- Outcome
- immunological responsee6
- Direction
- Similar levelse6
- Comparator
- injection of E. coli-produced pET F and pET HN proteine6
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Similar levels of immunological response were generated in chicks immunised through injection of E. coli-produced pET F and pET HN protein as in chickens orally fed leaves and seeds of maize with expressed immunogenic protein”
Claim · model-written summary
Anti-NDV antibodies were detected in chickens fed maize with immunogenic protein but not in chickens fed a normal diet.
- Treatment
- fed maize with immunogenic proteine7
- Interactor
- NDVavian paramyxovirus 1e7pathogen
- Outcome
- anti-NDV antibodiese7
- Comparator
- chickens fed a normal diete7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“the detection of anti-NDV antibodies in the sera of chickens that were fed maize with immunogenic protein, and the absence of these antibodies in chickens fed a normal diet, confirmed the specificity of the antibodies generated through feeding”