Abstract
Water deficit is the major constraint to crop production in dry temperate climates and no-till (NT) has been widely recommended to increase water conservation, crop yields, and soil organic carbon (SOC) content. In this study, tillage practice [conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT), NT and annually alternating tillage with NT (NT/MT)]] and crop rotation [fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; FW), continuous wheat (CW), and wheat-pulse (WP) rotation] effects were investigated in a long-term experiment over three decades. Although NT increased soil water conservation and water use efficiency (WUE) compared to CT and MT, wheat yields were not higher for NT during the first 13 years when nitrogen (N) fertilizer was broadcast in the soil. After 1996, when N fertilizer was side-banded during seeding, CW-NT had 6% higher yields than CW-MT although not significant. The mean yield of pulse crops was 14 % higher for NT than MT, where the greatest yield benefit was found in warmer and drier years so NT is also adaptation to weather variability. The yield advantage of wheat after pulse in WP compared to CW increased by 41 kg ha−1 yr−1 (P < 0.001), indicating that the benefits of pulse crop on wheat production increases with time. Annual grain N uptake was greater in WP than CW or FW and greater for NT than MT for WP. The biennial tillage in CW-NT/MT benefitted the wheat yield in the following NT year so that it was greater than those of both CW-MT and CW-NT in those years. The rankings of SOC stock to 15 cm or 30 cm were generally the same as to 7.5 cm but differences were only significant to 15 cm in some samplings and only a trend (P < 0.10) was detected to 30 cm after 29 years. Unexpectedly, the CW-NT/MT had the highest SOC stocks and such regular periodic tillage warrants further investigation. The pulse-wheat rotation under NT was the best cropping system for achieving a combination of efficient use of fertilizer N and high annual crop yield and quality, for which the benefit of pulse in rotation increases over time.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
No-till increased soil water conservation and water use efficiency compared with conventional and minimum tillage
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- NTe1
- Outcome
- soil water conservation and water use efficiencye1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- CT and MTe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; FW), continuous wheat (CW), and wheat-pulse (WP) rotation”
e1“Although NT increased soil water conservation and water use efficiency (WUE) compared to CT and MT”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yields were not higher under no-till during the first 13 years when N was broadcast
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NTe1
- Outcome
- wheat yieldse1
- Direction
- not highere1
- Qualifier
- during the first 13 years when nitrogen (N) fertilizer was broadcast in the soile1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; FW), continuous wheat (CW), and wheat-pulse (WP) rotation”
e1“wheat yields were not higher for NT during the first 13 years when nitrogen (N) fertilizer was broadcast in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
After 1996 with side-banded N, CW-NT yielded 6% more wheat than CW-MT, not significantly
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- CW-NTe2
- Outcome
- yieldse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 6%e2
- Qualifier
- although not significante2
- Comparator
- CW-MTe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; FW), continuous wheat (CW), and wheat-pulse (WP) rotation”
e2“After 1996, when N fertilizer was side-banded during seeding, CW-NT had 6% higher yields than CW-MT although not significant”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean yield of pulse crops was 14% higher under no-till than under minimum tillage
Verbatim
e0“fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; FW), continuous wheat (CW), and wheat-pulse (WP) rotation”
e3“The mean yield of pulse crops was 14 % higher for NT than MT, where the greatest yield benefit was found in warmer and drier years so NT is also adaptation to weather variability”
Claim · model-written summary
The no-till yield benefit in pulse crops was greatest in warmer and drier years
Verbatim
e0“fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; FW), continuous wheat (CW), and wheat-pulse (WP) rotation”
e3“The mean yield of pulse crops was 14 % higher for NT than MT, where the greatest yield benefit was found in warmer and drier years so NT is also adaptation to weather variability”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat yield advantage after pulse in WP compared with CW increased by 41 kg ha−1 yr−1
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- WPe4
- Outcome
- yield advantage of wheat after pulsee4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 41 kg ha−1 yr−1e4
- Comparator
- CWe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; FW), continuous wheat (CW), and wheat-pulse (WP) rotation”
e4“The yield advantage of wheat after pulse in WP compared to CW increased by 41 kg ha−1 yr−1 (P < 0.001), indicating that the benefits of pulse crop on wheat production increases with time”
Claim · model-written summary
Benefits of pulse crop on wheat production increase with time
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- pulse crope4
- Outcome
- benefits of pulse crop on wheat productione4
- Direction
- increasese4
- Qualifier
- with timee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; FW), continuous wheat (CW), and wheat-pulse (WP) rotation”
e4“The yield advantage of wheat after pulse in WP compared to CW increased by 41 kg ha−1 yr−1 (P < 0.001), indicating that the benefits of pulse crop on wheat production increases with time”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual grain N uptake was greater in WP than in CW or FW
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- WPe5
- Outcome
- Annual grain N uptakee5
- Direction
- greatere5
- Comparator
- CW or FWe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; FW), continuous wheat (CW), and wheat-pulse (WP) rotation”
e5“Annual grain N uptake was greater in WP than CW or FW and greater for NT than MT for WP”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual grain N uptake in WP was greater under no-till than under minimum tillage
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- NTe5
- Outcome
- Annual grain N uptakee5
- Direction
- greatere5
- Comparator
- MTe5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; FW), continuous wheat (CW), and wheat-pulse (WP) rotation”
e5“Annual grain N uptake was greater in WP than CW or FW and greater for NT than MT for WP”
Claim · model-written summary
Biennial tillage in CW-NT/MT increased wheat yield in the following no-till year relative to CW-MT and CW-NT
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- biennial tillage in CW-NT/MTe6
- Outcome
- wheat yielde6
- Direction
- greatere6
- Comparator
- CW-MT and CW-NTe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; FW), continuous wheat (CW), and wheat-pulse (WP) rotation”
e6“The biennial tillage in CW-NT/MT benefitted the wheat yield in the following NT year so that it was greater than those of both CW-MT and CW-NT in those years”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon stock to 15 cm differed significantly only in some samplings
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- SOC stocke7
- Qualifier
- differences were only significant to 15 cm in some samplingse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; FW), continuous wheat (CW), and wheat-pulse (WP) rotation”
e7“The rankings of SOC stock to 15 cm or 30 cm were generally the same as to 7.5 cm but differences were only significant to 15 cm in some samplings and only a trend (P < 0.10) was detected to 30 cm after 29 years”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon stock to 30 cm showed only a trend after 29 years
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- SOC stocke7
- Qualifier
- only a trend (P < 0.10) was detected to 30 cm after 29 yearse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; FW), continuous wheat (CW), and wheat-pulse (WP) rotation”
e7“The rankings of SOC stock to 15 cm or 30 cm were generally the same as to 7.5 cm but differences were only significant to 15 cm in some samplings and only a trend (P < 0.10) was detected to 30 cm after 29 years”
Claim · model-written summary
CW-NT/MT had the highest soil organic carbon stocks
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- CW-NT/MTe1
- Outcome
- SOC stockse1
- Qualifier
- higheste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; FW), continuous wheat (CW), and wheat-pulse (WP) rotation”
e1“Unexpectedly, the CW-NT/MT had the highest SOC stocks”
Claim · model-written summary
The pulse-wheat rotation under no-till is the best cropping system for N use efficiency and crop yield and quality
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- pulse-wheat rotation under NTe1
- Outcome
- best cropping system for achieving a combination of efficient use of fertilizer N and high annual crop yield and qualitye1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; FW), continuous wheat (CW), and wheat-pulse (WP) rotation”
e1“The pulse-wheat rotation under NT was the best cropping system for achieving a combination of efficient use of fertilizer N and high annual crop yield and quality”
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