Abstract
Chilli is one of the most important spices and vegetable crop of India, Chilli is susceptible to various fungal diseases such as Anthracnose, Damping off, Fusarium wilt, collar rot, dry root rot, stem rot and powdery mildew. Among of these, Anthracnose is the most widespread and important disease. Effects of cow urine were tested by poisoned food technique in vitro to know their inhibitory effect on the growth of anthracnose pathogen. Sterilized and unsterilized cow urine at 5, 10 and 20 per cent concentration showed per cent growth inhibition of C. capsici. The growth inhibition increase with increase in concentration cow urine. An inhibition of >40% was observed at 5%, >50% was observed at 10% and 20% concentrations in sterilized cow urine. The highest inhibition growth (91.67%) was observed against 20 per cent concentration and 15 days fermented. Sterilized cow urine was more effective then unsterilized cow urine. In unsterilized cow urine the highest inhibition growth (68.20%) was observed against 20 per cent concentration and 15 days fermented. Four systemic, three non-systemic and four combined fungicides at different concentrations were tested in vitro against C. capsici through poisoned food technique. Among the systemic fungicides, the completely growth inhibition of the fungus was recorded in difenaconazole and propiconazole at 500 and 1000 ppm concentrations. The next best systemic fungicide was pyraclostrobin at 1000 ppm inhibited 100 per cent mycelial growth. Among the non-systemic fungicides, the completely growth inhibition of the fungus was recorded in copper oxychloride at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm and mancozeb at 2500 ppm concentrations. The least effective fungicide was chlorothalonil at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm concentrations. Among the combined fungicides, the completely growth inhibition of the fungus was recorded in captan 70% + hexaconazole and carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 64% at all the concentrations. The next best combined fungicide were Pyraclostrobin 85g/ L + Epoxiconazole 62.5g/L and Zineb 68% + Hexaconazole 4% completely inhibited per cent mycelial growth at 500 and 1000 ppm concentration. Five different fungicides, 2 SAR activator and 2 organic inputs were tested for the management of anthracnose disease of chilli under field conditions. Difenconazole (0.025%) was significantly superior over rest of the fungicides, which was recorded the minimum disease intensity of 21.13 per cent with highest fruit yield. Copper oxychloride (0.2%) found second better fungicide for controlling the disease with 26.80 per cent disease intensity, which was at par with propiconazole (0.025%) and carbendazim + mancozeb (0.2%) in controlling the disease with 28.32 and 29.88 per cent disease intensity.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Growth inhibition of C. capsici increased as cow urine concentration increased in vitro.
- Taxon
- C. capsiciColletotrichum truncatume0
- Treatment
- cow urinee1
- Outcome
- growth inhibitione1
- Direction
- increasee1
Verbatim
e0“Sterilized and unsterilized cow urine at 5, 10 and 20 per cent concentration showed per cent growth inhibition of C. capsici”
e1“The growth inhibition increase with increase in concentration cow urine”
Claim · model-written summary
Sterilized cow urine at 5% gave more than 40% inhibition of C. capsici in vitro.
- Taxon
- C. capsiciColletotrichum truncatume0
- Treatment
- sterilized cow urinee1
- Outcome
- inhibitione1
- Value
- >40%e1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Sterilized and unsterilized cow urine at 5, 10 and 20 per cent concentration showed per cent growth inhibition of C. capsici”
e1“An inhibition of >40% was observed at 5%, >50% was observed at 10% and 20% concentrations in sterilized cow urine”
Claim · model-written summary
Sterilized cow urine at 10% and 20% gave more than 50% inhibition of C. capsici in vitro.
- Taxon
- C. capsiciColletotrichum truncatume0
- Treatment
- sterilized cow urinee1
- Outcome
- inhibitione1
- Value
- >50%e1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Sterilized and unsterilized cow urine at 5, 10 and 20 per cent concentration showed per cent growth inhibition of C. capsici”
e1“An inhibition of >40% was observed at 5%, >50% was observed at 10% and 20% concentrations in sterilized cow urine”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest in vitro growth inhibition of C. capsici (91.67%) occurred at 20 per cent cow urine fermented 15 days.
- Taxon
- C. capsiciColletotrichum truncatume0
- Treatment
- 20 per cent concentration and 15 days fermentede1
- Outcome
- inhibition growthe1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 91.67%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Sterilized and unsterilized cow urine at 5, 10 and 20 per cent concentration showed per cent growth inhibition of C. capsici”
e1“The highest inhibition growth (91.67%) was observed against 20 per cent concentration and 15 days fermented”
Claim · model-written summary
Sterilized cow urine was more effective than unsterilized cow urine in inhibiting C. capsici in vitro.
Verbatim
e0“Sterilized and unsterilized cow urine at 5, 10 and 20 per cent concentration showed per cent growth inhibition of C. capsici”
e1“Sterilized cow urine was more effective then unsterilized cow urine”
Claim · model-written summary
With unsterilized cow urine the highest in vitro inhibition of C. capsici (68.20%) occurred at 20 per cent fermented 15 days.
- Taxon
- C. capsiciColletotrichum truncatume0
- Treatment
- 20 per cent concentration and 15 days fermentede1
- Outcome
- inhibition growthe1
- Direction
- higheste1
- Value
- 68.20%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Sterilized and unsterilized cow urine at 5, 10 and 20 per cent concentration showed per cent growth inhibition of C. capsici”
e1“In unsterilized cow urine the highest inhibition growth (68.20%) was observed against 20 per cent concentration and 15 days fermented”
Claim · model-written summary
Difenaconazole at 500 and 1000 ppm completely inhibited C. capsici growth in vitro.
- Taxon
- C. capsiciColletotrichum truncatume2
- Treatment
- difenaconazolee1
- Outcome
- growth inhibition of the funguse1
- Direction
- completelye1
- Qualifier
- 500 and 1000 ppm concentrationse1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“the completely growth inhibition of the fungus was recorded in difenaconazole and propiconazole at 500 and 1000 ppm concentrations”
e2“in vitro against C. capsici”
Claim · model-written summary
Propiconazole at 500 and 1000 ppm completely inhibited C. capsici growth in vitro.
- Taxon
- C. capsiciColletotrichum truncatume2
- Treatment
- propiconazolee1
- Outcome
- growth inhibition of the funguse1
- Direction
- completelye1
- Qualifier
- 500 and 1000 ppm concentrationse1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“the completely growth inhibition of the fungus was recorded in difenaconazole and propiconazole at 500 and 1000 ppm concentrations”
e2“in vitro against C. capsici”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraclostrobin at 1000 ppm inhibited mycelial growth of C. capsici by 100 per cent in vitro, the next best systemic fungicide.
- Taxon
- C. capsiciColletotrichum truncatume2
- Treatment
- pyraclostrobin at 1000 ppme1
- Outcome
- mycelial growthe1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Value
- 100 per cente1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“The next best systemic fungicide was pyraclostrobin at 1000 ppm inhibited 100 per cent mycelial growth”
e2“in vitro against C. capsici”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper oxychloride at 1000 to 2500 ppm completely inhibited C. capsici growth in vitro.
- Taxon
- C. capsiciColletotrichum truncatume2
- Treatment
- copper oxychloride at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 ppme1
- Outcome
- growth inhibition of the funguse1
- Direction
- completelye1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“the completely growth inhibition of the fungus was recorded in copper oxychloride at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm and mancozeb at 2500 ppm concentrations”
e2“in vitro against C. capsici”
Claim · model-written summary
Mancozeb at 2500 ppm completely inhibited C. capsici growth in vitro.
- Taxon
- C. capsiciColletotrichum truncatume2
- Treatment
- mancozeb at 2500 ppme1
- Outcome
- growth inhibition of the funguse1
- Direction
- completelye1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“the completely growth inhibition of the fungus was recorded in copper oxychloride at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm and mancozeb at 2500 ppm concentrations”
e2“in vitro against C. capsici”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorothalonil at 1000 to 2500 ppm was the least effective non-systemic fungicide against C. capsici in vitro.
- Taxon
- C. capsiciColletotrichum truncatume2
- Treatment
- chlorothalonil at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 ppme1
- Outcome
- least effectivee1
- Direction
- least effectivee1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“The least effective fungicide was chlorothalonil at 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 ppm concentrations”
e2“in vitro against C. capsici”
Claim · model-written summary
Captan 70% + hexaconazole completely inhibited C. capsici growth in vitro at all concentrations.
- Taxon
- C. capsiciColletotrichum truncatume2
- Treatment
- captan 70% + hexaconazolee1
- Outcome
- growth inhibition of the funguse1
- Direction
- completelye1
- Qualifier
- all the concentrationse1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“the completely growth inhibition of the fungus was recorded in captan 70% + hexaconazole and carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 64% at all the concentrations”
e2“in vitro against C. capsici”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 64% completely inhibited C. capsici growth in vitro at all concentrations.
- Taxon
- C. capsiciColletotrichum truncatume2
- Treatment
- carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 64%e1
- Outcome
- growth inhibition of the funguse1
- Direction
- completelye1
- Qualifier
- all the concentrationse1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“the completely growth inhibition of the fungus was recorded in captan 70% + hexaconazole and carbendazim 12% + mancozeb 64% at all the concentrations”
e2“in vitro against C. capsici”
Claim · model-written summary
Pyraclostrobin + Epoxiconazole and Zineb + Hexaconazole completely inhibited mycelial growth of C. capsici in vitro at 500 and 1000 ppm, the next best combined fungicides.
- Taxon
- C. capsiciColletotrichum truncatume2
- Treatment
- Pyraclostrobin 85g/ L + Epoxiconazole 62.5g/L and Zineb 68% + Hexaconazole 4%e1
- Outcome
- mycelial growthe1
- Direction
- completely inhibitede1
- Qualifier
- 500 and 1000 ppm concentratione1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e1“The next best combined fungicide were Pyraclostrobin 85g/ L + Epoxiconazole 62.5g/L and Zineb 68% + Hexaconazole 4% completely inhibited per cent mycelial growth at 500 and 1000 ppm concentration”
e2“in vitro against C. capsici”
Claim · model-written summary
In the field, difenoconazole (0.025%) was significantly superior to the other fungicides, with the lowest chilli anthracnose disease intensity of 21.13 per cent.
Verbatim
t0“chilli”
t1“Colletotrichum capasici”
e0“Difenconazole (0.025%) was significantly superior over rest of the fungicides, which was recorded the minimum disease intensity of 21.13 per cent with highest fruit yield”
Claim · model-written summary
In the field, difenoconazole (0.025%) gave the highest chilli fruit yield.
Verbatim
t0“chilli”
t1“Colletotrichum capasici”
e0“Difenconazole (0.025%) was significantly superior over rest of the fungicides, which was recorded the minimum disease intensity of 21.13 per cent with highest fruit yield”
Claim · model-written summary
In the field, copper oxychloride (0.2%) was the second best fungicide with 26.80 per cent disease intensity.
- Taxon
- chillit0
- Treatment
- Copper oxychloride (0.2%)e0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum capasicit1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease intensitye0
- Direction
- second bettere0
- Value
- 26.80 per cente0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“chilli”
t1“Colletotrichum capasici”
e0“Copper oxychloride (0.2%) found second better fungicide for controlling the disease with 26.80 per cent disease intensity”
Claim · model-written summary
In the field, propiconazole (0.025%) gave 28.32 per cent disease intensity, at par with copper oxychloride.
- Taxon
- chillit0
- Treatment
- propiconazole (0.025%)e0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum capasicit1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease intensitye0
- Direction
- at pare0
- Value
- 28.32e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“chilli”
t1“Colletotrichum capasici”
e0“which was at par with propiconazole (0.025%) and carbendazim + mancozeb (0.2%) in controlling the disease with 28.32 and 29.88 per cent disease intensity”
Claim · model-written summary
In the field, carbendazim + mancozeb (0.2%) gave 29.88 per cent disease intensity, at par with copper oxychloride.
- Taxon
- chillit0
- Treatment
- carbendazim + mancozeb (0.2%)e0
- Interactor
- Colletotrichum capasicit1pathogen
- Outcome
- disease intensitye0
- Direction
- at pare0
- Value
- 29.88e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
t0“chilli”
t1“Colletotrichum capasici”
e0“which was at par with propiconazole (0.025%) and carbendazim + mancozeb (0.2%) in controlling the disease with 28.32 and 29.88 per cent disease intensity”
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See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.