Abstract
Bacterial spot, an important disease of bell and chili peppers grown in Oklahoma, is caused by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. We evaluated isolates from 1995 to 2015 (n = 72) for avirulence alleles and race by assessing hypersensitive responses (HRs) on differentials with resistance genes Bs1, Bs2, Bs3, or Bs4. Most isolates (96%) expressed AvrBs2 (races 1, 3, 7, 8), and only three were virulent on Bs2 (race 6). Chili cultivars, grown locally for capsaicin production, were susceptible to all races. Copper-based spray programs were evaluated on bell pepper hybrids with and without Bs2 resistance from 2008 to 2010 and on bell and jalapeño hybrids with Bs2 or Bs1-2-3 from 2017 to 2018. Bs2 and Bs1-2-3 hybrids generally had lower disease and higher yields (≤21 t/ha) than susceptible entries. Copper reduced disease by 20 to 40% and increased yield by an average of 4 t/ha, but yield responses were not always significant (P = 0.05). In August 2018, disease increased to >50% on Bs2 hybrids but remained low on the Bs1-2-3 hybrid. Despite the breakdown of Bs2 resistance, yields of the Bs2 hybrids were not reduced. Avirulence alleles and race of isolates from susceptible, Bs2, and Bs1-2-3 hybrids at the end of the 2018 trial depended on source plant genetics. AvrBs2 was expressed in 86% of isolates from a susceptible hybrid but not in any isolates from the Bs2 and Bs1-2-3 hybrids. HR resistances effectively protected yield, but their deployment may not be sustainable without cultural practices such as crop rotation that limit pathogen survival and transmission to subsequent crops.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Most (96%) Oklahoma isolates expressed AvrBs2.
CapsicumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peppers in Oklahoma”
e0“Most isolates (96%) expressed AvrBs2 (races 1, 3, 7, 8)”
Claim · model-written summary
Only three isolates were virulent on Bs2 (race 6).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peppers in Oklahoma”
e0“only three were virulent on Bs2 (race 6)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chili cultivars were susceptible to all races.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peppers in Oklahoma”
e0“Chili cultivars, grown locally for capsaicin production, were susceptible to all races”
Claim · model-written summary
Bs2 and Bs1-2-3 hybrids generally had lower disease than susceptible entries.
- Material
- Bs2 and Bs1-2-3 hybridse0
- Outcome
- diseasee0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- susceptible entriese0
- Setting
- Oklahomat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peppers in Oklahoma”
e0“Bs2 and Bs1-2-3 hybrids generally had lower disease and higher yields (≤21 t/ha) than susceptible entries”
Claim · model-written summary
Bs2 and Bs1-2-3 hybrids generally had higher yields (≤21 t/ha) than susceptible entries.
- Material
- Bs2 and Bs1-2-3 hybridse0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- ≤21 t/hae0
- Comparator
- susceptible entriese0
- Setting
- Oklahomat0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peppers in Oklahoma”
e0“Bs2 and Bs1-2-3 hybrids generally had lower disease and higher yields (≤21 t/ha) than susceptible entries”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper-based sprays reduced disease by 20 to 40%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peppers in Oklahoma”
e0“Copper reduced disease by 20 to 40%”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper increased yield by an average of 4 t/ha, but yield responses were not always significant.
- Treatment
- Coppere0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4 t/hae0
- Qualifier
- yield responses were not always significante0
- Setting
- Oklahomat0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peppers in Oklahoma”
e0“Copper reduced disease by 20 to 40% and increased yield by an average of 4 t/ha, but yield responses were not always significant (P = 0.05)”
Claim · model-written summary
In August 2018 disease rose to >50% on Bs2 hybrids but stayed low on the Bs1-2-3 hybrid.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peppers in Oklahoma”
e0“In August 2018, disease increased to >50% on Bs2 hybrids but remained low on the Bs1-2-3 hybrid”
Claim · model-written summary
Yields of the Bs2 hybrids were not reduced despite breakdown of Bs2 resistance.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peppers in Oklahoma”
e0“Despite the breakdown of Bs2 resistance, yields of the Bs2 hybrids were not reduced”
Claim · model-written summary
AvrBs2 was expressed in 86% of isolates from a susceptible hybrid but in no isolates from Bs2 and Bs1-2-3 hybrids.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peppers in Oklahoma”
e0“AvrBs2 was expressed in 86% of isolates from a susceptible hybrid but not in any isolates from the Bs2 and Bs1-2-3 hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
HR resistances protect yield, but their deployment may not be sustainable without cultural practices such as crop rotation.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Peppers in Oklahoma”
e0“their deployment may not be sustainable without cultural practices such as crop rotation that limit pathogen survival and transmission to subsequent crops”
The same questions in other papers
copper atom · disease · Capsicum (peppers)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.