Abstract
Abstract Use of organic manures to meet the nutrient requirement of crop would be an inevitable practice in the years to come for sustainable agriculture since organic manures generally improve the soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Hence, field experiments were carried out in 2017 and 2018 to compare the impact of different organic manures and NPK fertilizer on soil properties, growth, yield, proximate and mineral contents of okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus L.). The treatments each year 2017 and 2018 consisted of: rabbit manure, cow dung, poultry manure, green manure [Mexican sunflower ( Tithonia diversifolia Asteraceae)], pig manure, NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer applied at 120 kg N ha −1 and a control (no manure/inorganic fertilizer). The seven treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replication. Organic manures and NPK fertilizer increased the soil organic matter (OM), N, P, K, Ca and Mg (NPK fertilizer did not increase OM, Ca and Mg significantly), growth, yield, minerals, protein, ash, carbohydrate and mucilage contents of okra fruit as compared with control. Organic manures improved okra yield compared with NPK fertilizer. Okra growth and yield parameters were significantly higher in 2018 compared with 2017. Control, rabbit manure, cow dung, poultry manure, green manure, pig manure and NPK fertilizer in 2018 increased the pod yield of okra by 9.7%, 35.3%, 57.9%, 36.2%, 39.2%, 45.5% and 3.2%, respectively compare with the same treatment in 2017. Amongst various organic manures, poultry manure produced significantly higher plant growth, yield, mineral and proximate composition of okra because of its high soil chemical properties which could be related to its lowest C: N ratio, lignin and lignin: N ratio. Results also showed that okra grown during high intensity rainfall has higher yield but with reduced quality except its mucilage content. Therefore, planting of okra with poultry manure under moderate rainfall will enhance the health benefit from the fruit, however, those that desire its mucilage content planting during high rainfall is recommended.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manures and NPK fertilizer increased soil organic matter, N, P, K, Ca and Mg.
- Taxon
- okra
.jpg?width=60)
Abelmoschus esculentust0 - Treatment
- Organic manures and NPK fertilizere0
- Outcome
- soil organic matter (OM), N, P, K, Ca and Mge0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Organic manures and NPK fertilizer increased the soil organic matter (OM), N, P, K, Ca and Mg”
e1“growth, yield, minerals, protein, ash, carbohydrate and mucilage contents of okra fruit as compared with control”
t0“quality of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK fertilizer did not significantly increase soil OM, Ca and Mg.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- NPK fertilizere0
- Outcome
- OM, Ca and Mge0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“NPK fertilizer did not increase OM, Ca and Mg significantly”
t0“quality of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manures and NPK fertilizer increased okra growth and yield compared with control.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- Organic manures and NPK fertilizere0
- Outcome
- growth, yielde1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic manures and NPK fertilizer increased the soil organic matter (OM), N, P, K, Ca and Mg”
e1“growth, yield, minerals, protein, ash, carbohydrate and mucilage contents of okra fruit as compared with control”
t0“quality of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manures and NPK fertilizer increased okra minerals, protein and ash contents compared with control.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- Organic manures and NPK fertilizere0
- Outcome
- minerals, protein, ashe1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic manures and NPK fertilizer increased the soil organic matter (OM), N, P, K, Ca and Mg”
e1“growth, yield, minerals, protein, ash, carbohydrate and mucilage contents of okra fruit as compared with control”
t0“quality of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manures and NPK fertilizer increased okra carbohydrate and mucilage contents compared with control.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- Organic manures and NPK fertilizere0
- Outcome
- carbohydrate and mucilage contentse1
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Organic manures and NPK fertilizer increased the soil organic matter (OM), N, P, K, Ca and Mg”
e1“growth, yield, minerals, protein, ash, carbohydrate and mucilage contents of okra fruit as compared with control”
t0“quality of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic manures improved okra yield compared with NPK fertilizer.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- Organic manurese2
- Outcome
- okra yielde2
- Direction
- improvede2
- Comparator
- NPK fertilizere2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Organic manures improved okra yield compared with NPK fertilizer”
t0“quality of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Okra growth and yield parameters were significantly higher in 2018 than in 2017.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- growth and yield parameterse3
- Direction
- highere3
- Setting
- 2018e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Okra growth and yield parameters were significantly higher in 2018 compared with 2017”
t0“quality of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Control pod yield of okra was 9.7% higher in 2018 than in 2017.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- Controle4
- Outcome
- pod yield of okrae4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 9.7%e4
- Comparator
- the same treatment in 2017e4
- Setting
- 2018e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Control, rabbit manure, cow dung, poultry manure, green manure, pig manure and NPK fertilizer in 2018 increased the pod yield of okra by 9.7%, 35.3%, 57.9%, 36.2%, 39.2%, 45.5% and 3.2%, respectively compare with the same treatment in 2017”
t0“quality of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Rabbit manure pod yield of okra was 35.3% higher in 2018 than in 2017.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- rabbit manuree4
- Outcome
- pod yield of okrae4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 35.3%e4
- Comparator
- the same treatment in 2017e4
- Setting
- 2018e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Control, rabbit manure, cow dung, poultry manure, green manure, pig manure and NPK fertilizer in 2018 increased the pod yield of okra by 9.7%, 35.3%, 57.9%, 36.2%, 39.2%, 45.5% and 3.2%, respectively compare with the same treatment in 2017”
t0“quality of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Cow dung pod yield of okra was 57.9% higher in 2018 than in 2017.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- cow dunge4
- Outcome
- pod yield of okrae4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 57.9%e4
- Comparator
- the same treatment in 2017e4
- Setting
- 2018e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Control, rabbit manure, cow dung, poultry manure, green manure, pig manure and NPK fertilizer in 2018 increased the pod yield of okra by 9.7%, 35.3%, 57.9%, 36.2%, 39.2%, 45.5% and 3.2%, respectively compare with the same treatment in 2017”
t0“quality of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Poultry manure pod yield of okra was 36.2% higher in 2018 than in 2017.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- poultry manuree4
- Outcome
- pod yield of okrae4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 36.2%e4
- Comparator
- the same treatment in 2017e4
- Setting
- 2018e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Control, rabbit manure, cow dung, poultry manure, green manure, pig manure and NPK fertilizer in 2018 increased the pod yield of okra by 9.7%, 35.3%, 57.9%, 36.2%, 39.2%, 45.5% and 3.2%, respectively compare with the same treatment in 2017”
t0“quality of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Green manure pod yield of okra was 39.2% higher in 2018 than in 2017.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- green manuree4
- Outcome
- pod yield of okrae4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 39.2%e4
- Comparator
- the same treatment in 2017e4
- Setting
- 2018e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Control, rabbit manure, cow dung, poultry manure, green manure, pig manure and NPK fertilizer in 2018 increased the pod yield of okra by 9.7%, 35.3%, 57.9%, 36.2%, 39.2%, 45.5% and 3.2%, respectively compare with the same treatment in 2017”
t0“quality of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Pig manure pod yield of okra was 45.5% higher in 2018 than in 2017.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- pig manuree4
- Outcome
- pod yield of okrae4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 45.5%e4
- Comparator
- the same treatment in 2017e4
- Setting
- 2018e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Control, rabbit manure, cow dung, poultry manure, green manure, pig manure and NPK fertilizer in 2018 increased the pod yield of okra by 9.7%, 35.3%, 57.9%, 36.2%, 39.2%, 45.5% and 3.2%, respectively compare with the same treatment in 2017”
t0“quality of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
NPK fertilizer pod yield of okra was 3.2% higher in 2018 than in 2017.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Treatment
- NPK fertilizere4
- Outcome
- pod yield of okrae4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Value
- 3.2%e4
- Comparator
- the same treatment in 2017e4
- Setting
- 2018e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Control, rabbit manure, cow dung, poultry manure, green manure, pig manure and NPK fertilizer in 2018 increased the pod yield of okra by 9.7%, 35.3%, 57.9%, 36.2%, 39.2%, 45.5% and 3.2%, respectively compare with the same treatment in 2017”
t0“quality of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Poultry manure produced significantly higher okra plant growth, yield, mineral and proximate composition than various organic manures.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse5
- Treatment
- poultry manuree5
- Outcome
- plant growth, yield, mineral and proximate compositione5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- various organic manurese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Amongst various organic manures, poultry manure produced significantly higher plant growth, yield, mineral and proximate composition of okra”
t0“quality of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Okra grown during high intensity rainfall had higher yield.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse6
- Treatment
- high intensity rainfalle6
- Outcome
- yielde6
- Direction
- highere6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“okra grown during high intensity rainfall has higher yield but with reduced quality except its mucilage content”
t0“quality of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Okra grown during high intensity rainfall had reduced quality, except its mucilage content.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse6
- Treatment
- high intensity rainfalle6
- Outcome
- qualitye6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Qualifier
- except its mucilage contente6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“okra grown during high intensity rainfall has higher yield but with reduced quality except its mucilage content”
t0“quality of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting okra with poultry manure under moderate rainfall is recommended to enhance the health benefit from the fruit.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentuse7
- Outcome
- planting of okra with poultry manure under moderate rainfalle7
- Qualifier
- will enhance the health benefit from the fruite7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“planting of okra with poultry manure under moderate rainfall will enhance the health benefit from the fruit”
t0“quality of okra”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting okra during high rainfall is recommended for those who desire its mucilage content.
- Taxon
- okraAbelmoschus esculentust0
- Outcome
- planting during high rainfalle7
- Qualifier
- those that desire its mucilage contente7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“those that desire its mucilage content planting during high rainfall is recommended”
t0“quality of okra”
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See all 24 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.