Abstract
Seeds are complex biological systems comprising three genetically distinct tissues: embryo, endosperm, and maternal tissues (including seed coats and pericarp) nested inside one another. Cereal grains represent a special type of seeds, with the largest part formed by the endosperm, a specialized triploid tissue ensuring embryo protection and nourishment. We investigated dynamic changes in DNA content in three of the major seed tissues from the time of pollination up to the dry seed. We show that the cell cycle is under strict developmental control in different seed compartments. After an initial wave of active cell division, cells switch to endocycle and most endoreduplication events are observed in the endosperm and seed maternal tissues. Using different barley cultivars, we show that there is natural variation in the kinetics of this process. During the terminal stages of seed development, specific and selective loss of endoreduplicated nuclei occurs in the endosperm. This is accompanied by reduced stability of the nuclear genome, progressive loss of cell viability, and finally programmed cell death. In summary, our study shows that endopolyploidization and cell death are linked phenomena that frame barley grain development.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
The cell cycle is developmentally controlled in different barley seed compartments.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Organ / stage
- seed compartmentse0
- Outcome
- cell cyclee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the cell cycle is under strict developmental control in different seed compartments”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
After initial cell division, barley seed cells enter the endocycle, with most endoreduplication in the endosperm and maternal tissues.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Organ / stage
- endosperm and seed maternal tissuese0
- Outcome
- most endoreduplication eventse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After an initial wave of active cell division, cells switch to endocycle and most endoreduplication events are observed in the endosperm and seed maternal tissues”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley cultivars vary naturally in endoreduplication kinetics.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Material
- different barley cultivarse0
- Outcome
- natural variation in the kineticse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Using different barley cultivars, we show that there is natural variation in the kinetics of this process”
Claim · model-written summary
Endoreduplicated nuclei are selectively lost from the endosperm late in barley seed development.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Organ / stage
- endosperme0
- Outcome
- specific and selective loss of endoreduplicated nucleie0
- Qualifier
- terminal stages of seed developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“During the terminal stages of seed development, specific and selective loss of endoreduplicated nuclei occurs in the endosperm”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Late endosperm development is accompanied by reduced nuclear genome stability.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- stability of the nuclear genomee0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This is accompanied by reduced stability of the nuclear genome”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Late endosperm development is accompanied by progressive loss of cell viability.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- cell viabilitye0
- Direction
- progressive losse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“progressive loss of cell viability”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Programmed cell death occurs during terminal barley seed development.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- programmed cell deathe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“finally programmed cell death”
t0“barley”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors link endopolyploidization and cell death in barley grain development.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Organ / stage
- barley graine0
- Outcome
- cell deathe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“endopolyploidization and cell death are linked phenomena that frame barley grain development”