Abstract
BACKGROUND: Blackbirds (Icteridae) cause significant damage to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) prompting the need for effective management tools. Anthraquinone-based repellents can reduce feeding by > 80% in laboratory settings, but require birds to learn the negative association through repellent ingestion. We evaluated an anthraquinone-based repellent applied directly to mature sunflower plants for its ability to reduce bird damage. We used captive male red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus) to evaluate efficacy of two anthraquinone-based formulations in varying concentrations and applied in a manner attainable by sunflower producers. We also assessed field application methods for repellent coverage and anthraquinone residues when using ground-rigs equipped with drop-nozzles situated below the crop canopy. RESULTS: of repellent). In the absence of disk flowers, which obstruct repellent from reaching the achenes, the repellents failed to reduce consumption. Anthraquinone concentrations in field applications were considerably less than those in the laboratory experiments and did not reduce bird damage. CONCLUSION: Efficacy is difficult to achieve in the field due to application issues where growth patterns and floral components of sunflower limit residues on achenes, thus contact with foraging birds. Although field residues could be improved by increasing anthraquinone concentrations in tank mixtures and decreasing droplet size, repellents optimized for loose achenes are inefficient in reducing avian consumption of sunflower when applied to intact plants in a manner representative of commercial agriculture. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
Without disk flowers, the anthraquinone repellents failed to reduce blackbird consumption of sunflower
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuuse0 - Treatment
- repellentse1
- Interactor
- Blackbirds
Turdus merulae0pest - Outcome
- consumptione1
- Direction
- failed to reducee1
- Qualifier
- In the absence of disk flowerse1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Blackbirds (Icteridae) cause significant damage to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e1“In the absence of disk flowers, which obstruct repellent from reaching the achenes, the repellents failed to reduce consumption”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthraquinone concentrations in field applications were considerably less than in laboratory experiments
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- field applicationse2
- Outcome
- Anthraquinone concentrationse2
- Direction
- considerably lesse2
- Comparator
- laboratory experimentse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Blackbirds (Icteridae) cause significant damage to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e2“Anthraquinone concentrations in field applications were considerably less than those in the laboratory experiments and did not reduce bird damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthraquinone repellent applied in field applications did not reduce blackbird damage to sunflower
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- field applicationse2
- Interactor
- BlackbirdsTurdus merulae0pest
- Outcome
- bird damagee2
- Direction
- did not reducee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Blackbirds (Icteridae) cause significant damage to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e2“Anthraquinone concentrations in field applications were considerably less than those in the laboratory experiments and did not reduce bird damage”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth patterns and floral components of sunflower limit repellent residues on achenes and so contact with foraging birds
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse3
- Interactor
- foraging birdse3pest
- Outcome
- residues on achenese3
- Qualifier
- growth patterns and floral components of sunflowere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Efficacy is difficult to achieve in the field due to application issues where growth patterns and floral components of sunflower limit residues on achenes, thus contact with foraging birds”
Claim · model-written summary
Field residues could be improved by higher anthraquinone concentrations in tank mixtures and smaller droplet size
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- increasing anthraquinone concentrations in tank mixtures and decreasing droplet sizee4
- Outcome
- field residuese4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Blackbirds (Icteridae) cause significant damage to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
e4“field residues could be improved by increasing anthraquinone concentrations in tank mixtures and decreasing droplet size”