By interacting organism › Animals › Turdidae › Turdus merula

Associationobservedoriginal resultsimulated

Claim · model-written summary

Greatest sunflower losses usually occurred briefly in October with peak blackbird abundance and many unharvested mature fields.

Taxon: sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
Interactor: blackbirdsTurdus merulae1pest
Outcome: greatest lossese0
Direction: greateste0
Qualifier: brief period in Octobere0
Setting: North Dakota, USAe1

Verbatim

e0
“The greatest losses usually occurred during a brief period in October, when peak blackbird abundance coincided with large percentages (>50%) of mature but unharvested sunflower fields”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 685–868

e1
“blackbirds at a fall roost in North Dakota, USA”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 476–523

Title

Using Bioenergetics and Radar-Derived Bird Abundance to Assess the Impact of a Blackbird Roost on Seasonal Sunflower Damage

Clark, Bonne A.; Klug, Page E.; Stepanian, Phillip M.; et al. Lincoln (University of Nebraska) 2021. doi:10.26077/9c95-48eb

Other claims from this paper (3)

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Most sunflower fields were harvested after peak blackbird abundance of 360,000–1,120,000 birds.

Taxon: sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
Interactor: blackbirdTurdus merulae1pest
Outcome: fields were harvestede0
Direction: later thane0
Value: 360,000–1,120,000 birdse0

Verbatim

e0
“Most sunflower fields were harvested later than peak blackbird abundance (360,000–1,120,000 birds)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 870–968

e1
“peak blackbird abundance (360,000–1,120,000 birds)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 918–968

Title

Using Bioenergetics and Radar-Derived Bird Abundance to Assess the Impact of a Blackbird Roost on Seasonal Sunflower Damage

Clark, Bonne A.; Klug, Page E.; Stepanian, Phillip M.; et al. Lincoln (University of Nebraska) 2021. doi:10.26077/9c95-48eb

Other claims from this paper (3)

Observationobservedoriginal resultsimulated

Claim · model-written summary

Maximum daily damages were $900–$2,000 USD per day.

Taxon: sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
Interactor: blackbirdTurdus merulae2pest
Outcome: daily damagese0
Direction: maximume0
Value: $900–$2,000 USD per daye0

Verbatim

e0
“maximum daily damages ($900–$2,000 USD per day)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 973–1020

e1
“local sunflower (Helianthus annuus) damage”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 641–683

e2
“peak blackbird abundance (360,000–1,120,000 birds)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 918–968

Title

Using Bioenergetics and Radar-Derived Bird Abundance to Assess the Impact of a Blackbird Roost on Seasonal Sunflower Damage

Clark, Bonne A.; Klug, Page E.; Stepanian, Phillip M.; et al. Lincoln (University of Nebraska) 2021. doi:10.26077/9c95-48eb

Other claims from this paper (3)

Recommendationauthor interpretationoriginal resultbasis n/a

Claim · model-written summary

Authors suggest earlier harvest to avoid losses, with up to $1,800 savings at one roost.

Taxon: sunflowerHelianthus annuuse1
Interactor: blackbirdTurdus merulae2pest
Outcome: advancing harvest timee0
Value: up to $1,800 in savings at this 1 rooste0

Verbatim

e0
“advancing harvest time as a strategy to avoid the greatest losses in yield (up to $1,800 in savings at this 1 roost)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1051–1167

e1
“sunflower (Helianthus annuus)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 647–676

e2
“peak blackbird abundance coincided with large percentages (>50%)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 761–825

Title

Using Bioenergetics and Radar-Derived Bird Abundance to Assess the Impact of a Blackbird Roost on Seasonal Sunflower Damage

Clark, Bonne A.; Klug, Page E.; Stepanian, Phillip M.; et al. Lincoln (University of Nebraska) 2021. doi:10.26077/9c95-48eb

Other claims from this paper (3)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Without disk flowers, the anthraquinone repellents failed to reduce blackbird consumption of sunflower

Taxon: sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
Treatment: repellentse1
Interactor: BlackbirdsTurdus merulae0pest
Outcome: consumptione1
Direction: failed to reducee1
Qualifier: In the absence of disk flowerse1

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Blackbirds (Icteridae) cause significant damage to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 12–95

e1
“In the absence of disk flowers, which obstruct repellent from reaching the achenes, the repellents failed to reduce consumption”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 850–977

Title

Inefficiency of anthraquinone‐based avian repellents when applied to sunflower: the importance of crop vegetative and floral characteristics in field applications

Brandon A Kaiser; Burton L Johnson; Michael H Ostlie; et al. Pest Management Science 2020. doi:10.1002/ps.6171

Other claims from this paper (4)

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Anthraquinone repellent applied in field applications did not reduce blackbird damage to sunflower

Taxon: sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
Treatment: field applicationse2
Interactor: BlackbirdsTurdus merulae0pest
Outcome: bird damagee2
Direction: did not reducee2

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“Blackbirds (Icteridae) cause significant damage to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 12–95

e2
“Anthraquinone concentrations in field applications were considerably less than those in the laboratory experiments and did not reduce bird damage”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 979–1124

Title

Inefficiency of anthraquinone‐based avian repellents when applied to sunflower: the importance of crop vegetative and floral characteristics in field applications

Brandon A Kaiser; Burton L Johnson; Michael H Ostlie; et al. Pest Management Science 2020. doi:10.1002/ps.6171

Other claims from this paper (4)

Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Blackbird damage caused average losses of $US2.5 million for confectionery hybrids.

Taxon: sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
Material: confectionerye0
Interactor: BlackbirdTurdus merulat0pest
Outcome: lossese0
Value: $US2.5 millione0

Verbatim

e0
“losses averaged $US2.5 million and $US11.3 million for confectionery and oilseed hybrids, respectively”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 488–590

t0
“blackbird (Icteridae) damage to sunflower”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–65

Title

The economic impacts of blackbird (Icteridae) damage to sunflower in the USA

Karina Ernst; Julie Elser; George Linz; et al. Pest Management Science 2019. doi:10.1002/ps.5486

Other claims from this paper (4)

Observation Blackbird damage caused average losses of $US11.3 million for oilseed hybrids.
Observation Annual total economic impact in North Dakota averaged $US18.7 million.
Observation Annual total economic impact in South Dakota averaged $US7.3 million.
Observation Annual total economic impact in Nebraska averaged $US2.6 million.

Observationobservedoriginal resultnegativemeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Blackbird damage caused average losses of $US11.3 million for oilseed hybrids.

Taxon: sunflowerHelianthus annuust0
Material: oilseed hybridse0
Interactor: blackbirdTurdus merulat0pest
Outcome: lossese0
Value: $US11.3 millione0

Verbatim

e0
“losses averaged $US2.5 million and $US11.3 million for confectionery and oilseed hybrids, respectively”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 488–590

t0
“blackbird (Icteridae) damage to sunflower”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 24–65

Title

The economic impacts of blackbird (Icteridae) damage to sunflower in the USA

Karina Ernst; Julie Elser; George Linz; et al. Pest Management Science 2019. doi:10.1002/ps.5486

Other claims from this paper (4)

Observation Blackbird damage caused average losses of $US2.5 million for confectionery hybrids.
Observation Annual total economic impact in North Dakota averaged $US18.7 million.
Observation Annual total economic impact in South Dakota averaged $US7.3 million.
Observation Annual total economic impact in Nebraska averaged $US2.6 million.

Observationobservedoriginal resultmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Turdus merula appeared to be the only passerine able to swallow large fruits.

Taxon: Dracaena dracoDracaena dracot0
Interactor: Turdus merulaTurdus merulae0herbivore
Outcome: able to swallow large fruitse0

Not reportedDirection

Verbatim

t0
“Dracaena draco”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 72–86

e0
“the only passerine species able to swallow large fruits is the medium-size passerine Turdus merula”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 1381–1479

Title

Unraveling the Seed Dispersal System of an Insular “Ghost” Dragon Tree (Dracaena draco) in the Wild

Aarón González-Castro; David Pérez-Pérez; Javier Romero; et al. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 2019. doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00039

Other claims from this paper (8)

Observation Small fruits yielded seeds unable to germinate.
Association Most seedling emergence came from large fruits.
Observation Small passerines tended to remove pulp without dispersing seeds.
Observation Sylvia atricapilla occasionally carried fruits away and dispersed seeds without digestion.
Intervention effect Transport away from parent trees enhanced postdispersal seed survival.
Intervention effect Pulp removal enhanced seedling emergence.
Observation Pigeons regurgitated mostly viable seeds.
Observation The authors identified at least two extant bird dispersers.

Intervention effectobservedoriginal resultno effectmeasured

Claim · model-written summary

Repellent did not increase blackbirds’ consumption of alternative diet.

Taxon: SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
Treatment: repellente0
Interactor: BlackbirdTurdus merulat0pest
Outcome: birds to consume more alternative diete0
Direction: did not causee0

Not reportedComparator

Verbatim

e0
“The repellent did not cause birds to consume more alternative diet (i.e., red milo).”
✓ located verbatim in the source · abstract, characters 844–928

t0
“Blackbird Damage to Sunflower”
✓ located verbatim in the source · title, characters 90–119

Title

Efficacy of an Avian Repellent Applied Using Drop Nozzle-Equipped Ground Rigs in Reducing Blackbird Damage to Sunflower

Page E. Klug; Michael Ostlie; Scott J. Werner Utah State Research and Scholarship (Utah State University) 2019

Other claims from this paper (3)

Turdus merula 98 claims

98 claims