Abstract
Abstract Weeds, a major constraint in cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz), cause 45–75% yield loss. Weed management in short‐duration cassava is unexplored. Field experiment was conducted during 2013–2015 at ICAR‐Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI), Kerala, India, in a split‐plot design. Main plots comprised three short‐duration cassava varieties (H‐165, Sree Vijaya, and Vellayani Hraswa) and subplots five weed control methods, chemical (using pre‐emergence herbicide, oxyfluorfen at 0.2 kg a.i. ha −1 on the day of planting), mulching with crop residues and green manure, weed control ground cover cloth (WCGCC), hand‐weeded, and unweeded controls. Weed flora was dominated by broad‐leaved weeds, hog weed or red spiderling ( Boerhavia diffusa L.), colored fleabane ( Vernonia cinerea L.), red tassel flower [ Emilia sonchifolia (L.)], Asian spiderflower or tick weed ( Cleome viscosa L.) and the nutsedge ( Cyperus rotundus L.), which were absent under WCGCC. Plant height, stem girth, leaf production, tuber biomass, total biomass, crop growth rate, and tuber yield under WCGCC and chemical treatment were greater. The yield under WCGCC was 35 and 15% greater than hand‐weeding and chemical methods, respectively. The yield in chemical method was 17% greater than hand‐weeding. Combination of crop residues and green manuring were alternatives to chemical and handweeding methods. Unrestricted weed growth reduced yield by 74% over hand‐weeding. Weed index was lowest in WCGCC, but similar to chemical and eco‐friendly practices. Chemical method generated highest net income and benefit/cost ratio (US$3,315 and 3.4, respectively). The WCGCC, pre‐emergence herbicide, and biomass mulching can be components of integrated weed management in cassava.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Weed flora in cassava was dominated by broad-leaved weeds, which were absent under WCGCC.
- Taxon
- cassava
Manihot esculentae0 - Interactor
- broad-leaved weedse1weed
- Outcome
- Weed florae1
- Qualifier
- absent under WCGCCe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds, a major constraint in cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
e1“Weed flora was dominated by broad-leaved weeds”
e2“which were absent under WCGCC”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height, stem girth and leaf production were greater under WCGCC.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae0
- Treatment
- WCGCCe2
- Outcome
- Plant height, stem girth, leaf productione2
- Direction
- greatere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds, a major constraint in cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
e2“Plant height, stem girth, leaf production, tuber biomass, total biomass, crop growth rate, and tuber yield under WCGCC and chemical treatment were greater”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant height, stem girth and leaf production were greater under chemical treatment.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae0
- Treatment
- chemical treatmente2
- Outcome
- Plant height, stem girth, leaf productione2
- Direction
- greatere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds, a major constraint in cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
e2“Plant height, stem girth, leaf production, tuber biomass, total biomass, crop growth rate, and tuber yield under WCGCC and chemical treatment were greater”
Claim · model-written summary
Tuber biomass, total biomass and crop growth rate were greater under WCGCC.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae0
- Treatment
- WCGCCe2
- Outcome
- tuber biomass, total biomass, crop growth ratee2
- Direction
- greatere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds, a major constraint in cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
e2“Plant height, stem girth, leaf production, tuber biomass, total biomass, crop growth rate, and tuber yield under WCGCC and chemical treatment were greater”
Claim · model-written summary
Tuber biomass, total biomass and crop growth rate were greater under chemical treatment.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae0
- Treatment
- chemical treatmente2
- Outcome
- tuber biomass, total biomass, crop growth ratee2
- Direction
- greatere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds, a major constraint in cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
e2“Plant height, stem girth, leaf production, tuber biomass, total biomass, crop growth rate, and tuber yield under WCGCC and chemical treatment were greater”
Claim · model-written summary
Tuber yield under WCGCC was 35% greater than under hand-weeding.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae0
- Treatment
- WCGCCe3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- greatere3
- Value
- 35e3
- Comparator
- hand‐weedinge3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds, a major constraint in cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
e3“The yield under WCGCC was 35 and 15% greater than hand‐weeding and chemical methods, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Tuber yield under WCGCC was 15% greater than under chemical methods.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae0
- Treatment
- WCGCCe3
- Outcome
- yielde3
- Direction
- greatere3
- Value
- 15%e3
- Comparator
- chemical methodse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds, a major constraint in cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
e3“The yield under WCGCC was 35 and 15% greater than hand‐weeding and chemical methods, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Tuber yield under chemical method was 17% greater than under hand-weeding.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae0
- Treatment
- chemical methode4
- Outcome
- yielde4
- Direction
- greatere4
- Value
- 17%e4
- Comparator
- hand‐weedinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds, a major constraint in cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
e4“The yield in chemical method was 17% greater than hand‐weeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Crop residue and green manure combinations are alternatives to chemical and hand-weeding methods for cassava.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae0
- Treatment
- Combination of crop residues and green manuringe5
- Outcome
- alternatives to chemical and handweeding methodse5
- Comparator
- chemical and handweeding methodse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds, a major constraint in cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
e5“Combination of crop residues and green manuring were alternatives to chemical and handweeding methods”
Claim · model-written summary
Unrestricted weed growth reduced cassava tuber yield by 74% compared with hand-weeding.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae0
- Treatment
- Unrestricted weed growthe6
- Interactor
- weede6weed
- Outcome
- yielde6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 74%e6
- Comparator
- hand‐weedinge6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds, a major constraint in cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
e6“Unrestricted weed growth reduced yield by 74% over hand‐weeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed index was lowest under WCGCC.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae0
- Treatment
- WCGCCe7
- Outcome
- Weed indexe7
- Direction
- loweste7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds, a major constraint in cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
e7“Weed index was lowest in WCGCC, but similar to chemical and eco‐friendly practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed index under WCGCC was similar to chemical and eco-friendly practices.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae0
- Treatment
- WCGCCe7
- Outcome
- Weed indexe7
- Direction
- similare7
- Comparator
- chemical and eco‐friendly practicese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds, a major constraint in cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
e7“Weed index was lowest in WCGCC, but similar to chemical and eco‐friendly practices”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical method generated the highest net income in cassava.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae0
- Treatment
- Chemical methode2
- Outcome
- net incomee2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- US$3,315e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds, a major constraint in cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
e2“Chemical method generated highest net income and benefit/cost ratio (US$3,315 and 3.4, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical method generated the highest benefit/cost ratio in cassava.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae0
- Treatment
- Chemical methode2
- Outcome
- benefit/cost ratioe2
- Direction
- higheste2
- Value
- 3.4e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weeds, a major constraint in cassava ( Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
e2“Chemical method generated highest net income and benefit/cost ratio (US$3,315 and 3.4, respectively)”
Claim · model-written summary
WCGCC, pre-emergence herbicide and biomass mulching can be components of integrated weed management in cassava.
- Taxon
- cassavaManihot esculentae1
- Treatment
- WCGCC, pre‐emergence herbicide, and biomass mulchinge1
- Outcome
- components of integrated weed managemente1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The WCGCC, pre‐emergence herbicide, and biomass mulching can be components of integrated weed management in cassava”
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