Abstract
Abstract Clarireedia jacksonii causes dollar spot disease of cool‐season turfgrasses in the United States and produces the phytotoxin oxalic acid. The role of oxalic acid in host–pathogen interactions of C . jacksonii is unknown and there are multiple challenges to studying these interactions in natural turfgrass hosts. Consequently, identification of model plants to study C . jacksonii– host interactions and the role of oxalic acid in pathogenesis is necessary. Controlled environment inoculation assays were used to evaluate pathogenesis of C . jacksonii in various model plants and investigate the role of oxalic acid in symptom development. Observations at microscopic and macroscopic levels demonstrated that infection progressed similarly in all monocots tested (creeping bentgrass, wheat, barley, rice, Brachypodium distachyon ) but not in the dicot Arabidopsis thaliana . Plant oxalic acid content increased from near zero to around 0.2–0.4 mM following inoculation with C . jacksonii in creeping bentgrass, barley, and wheat. Conversely, oxalic acid content remained near zero in A . thaliana and was not well correlated with inoculation in rice and B . distachyon , both of which had higher endogenous oxalic acid levels than other monocots. Time‐course oxalic acid quantification experiments with creeping bentgrass and B . distachyon further supported a link between symptom development and in planta oxalic acid content and identified 48 hr postinoculation as a critical time‐point for investigating the role of oxalic acid in C . jacksonii pathogenesis. These studies demonstrate that various monocots can serve as tractable model systems for studying C . jacksonii– host interactions and that increases in oxalic acid content are associated with C . jacksonii symptom development.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
Infection progressed similarly in creeping bentgrass to the other tested monocots.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrass
Agrostis stoloniferae0 - Interactor
- C . jacksoniiClarireedia jacksoniie1pathogen
- Outcome
- infection progressed similarlye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection progressed similarly in all monocots tested (creeping bentgrass, wheat, barley, rice, Brachypodium distachyon ) but not in the dicot Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“pathogenesis of C . jacksonii in various model plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection progressed similarly in wheat to the other tested monocots.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Interactor
- C . jacksoniiClarireedia jacksoniie1pathogen
- Outcome
- infection progressed similarlye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection progressed similarly in all monocots tested (creeping bentgrass, wheat, barley, rice, Brachypodium distachyon ) but not in the dicot Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“pathogenesis of C . jacksonii in various model plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection progressed similarly in barley to the other tested monocots.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Interactor
- C . jacksoniiClarireedia jacksoniie1pathogen
- Outcome
- infection progressed similarlye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“infection progressed similarly in all monocots tested (creeping bentgrass, wheat, barley, rice, Brachypodium distachyon ) but not in the dicot Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“pathogenesis of C . jacksonii in various model plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection progressed similarly in rice to the other tested monocots.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Interactor
- C . jacksoniiClarireedia jacksoniie1pathogen
- Outcome
- infection progressed similarlye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection progressed similarly in all monocots tested (creeping bentgrass, wheat, barley, rice, Brachypodium distachyon ) but not in the dicot Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“pathogenesis of C . jacksonii in various model plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection progressed similarly in Brachypodium distachyon to the other tested monocots.
- Taxon
- Brachypodium distachyon
Brachypodium distachyone0 - Interactor
- C . jacksoniiClarireedia jacksoniie1pathogen
- Outcome
- infection progressed similarlye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection progressed similarly in all monocots tested (creeping bentgrass, wheat, barley, rice, Brachypodium distachyon ) but not in the dicot Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“pathogenesis of C . jacksonii in various model plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection in Arabidopsis thaliana did not progress similarly to the tested monocots.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Interactor
- C . jacksoniiClarireedia jacksoniie1pathogen
- Outcome
- but not in the dicot Arabidopsis thalianae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“infection progressed similarly in all monocots tested (creeping bentgrass, wheat, barley, rice, Brachypodium distachyon ) but not in the dicot Arabidopsis thaliana”
e1“pathogenesis of C . jacksonii in various model plants”
Claim · model-written summary
C . jacksonii inoculation increased creeping bentgrass oxalic acid from near zero to around 0.2–0.4 mM.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Treatment
- inoculation with C . jacksoniie0
- Interactor
- C . jacksoniiClarireedia jacksoniie0pathogen
- Outcome
- Plant oxalic acid contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.2–0.4 mMe0
- Qualifier
- from near zeroe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant oxalic acid content increased from near zero to around 0.2–0.4 mM following inoculation with C . jacksonii in creeping bentgrass, barley, and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
C . jacksonii inoculation increased barley oxalic acid from near zero to around 0.2–0.4 mM.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Treatment
- inoculation with C . jacksoniie0
- Interactor
- C . jacksoniiClarireedia jacksoniie0pathogen
- Outcome
- Plant oxalic acid contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.2–0.4 mMe0
- Qualifier
- from near zeroe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant oxalic acid content increased from near zero to around 0.2–0.4 mM following inoculation with C . jacksonii in creeping bentgrass, barley, and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
C . jacksonii inoculation increased wheat oxalic acid from near zero to around 0.2–0.4 mM.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- inoculation with C . jacksoniie0
- Interactor
- C . jacksoniiClarireedia jacksoniie0pathogen
- Outcome
- Plant oxalic acid contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 0.2–0.4 mMe0
- Qualifier
- from near zeroe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plant oxalic acid content increased from near zero to around 0.2–0.4 mM following inoculation with C . jacksonii in creeping bentgrass, barley, and wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxalic acid remained near zero in A . thaliana.
- Taxon
- A . thalianaArabidopsis thalianae0
- Outcome
- oxalic acid contente0
- Direction
- remainede0
- Value
- near zeroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Conversely, oxalic acid content remained near zero in A . thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice oxalic acid content was not well correlated with inoculation.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Interactor
- C . jacksoniiClarireedia jacksoniie1pathogen
- Outcome
- oxalic acid contente0
- Qualifier
- not well correlatede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oxalic acid content remained near zero in A . thaliana and was not well correlated with inoculation in rice and B . distachyon”
e1“inoculation with C . jacksonii”
Claim · model-written summary
B . distachyon oxalic acid content was not well correlated with inoculation.
- Taxon
- B . distachyonBrachypodium distachyone0
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Interactor
- C . jacksoniiClarireedia jacksoniie1pathogen
- Outcome
- oxalic acid contente0
- Qualifier
- not well correlatede0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oxalic acid content remained near zero in A . thaliana and was not well correlated with inoculation in rice and B . distachyon”
e1“inoculation with C . jacksonii”
Claim · model-written summary
Rice had higher endogenous oxalic acid levels than other monocots.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Outcome
- endogenous oxalic acid levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other monocotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice and B . distachyon , both of which had higher endogenous oxalic acid levels than other monocots”
Claim · model-written summary
B . distachyon had higher endogenous oxalic acid levels than other monocots.
- Taxon
- B . distachyonBrachypodium distachyone0
- Outcome
- endogenous oxalic acid levelse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- other monocotse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice and B . distachyon , both of which had higher endogenous oxalic acid levels than other monocots”
Claim · model-written summary
Time-course experiments supported an association of creeping bentgrass symptoms with in planta oxalic acid content.
- Taxon
- creeping bentgrassAgrostis stoloniferae0
- Interactor
- C . jacksoniiClarireedia jacksoniie1pathogen
- Compound
- oxalic acide0
- Outcome
- symptom developmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Time‐course oxalic acid quantification experiments with creeping bentgrass and B . distachyon further supported a link between symptom development and in planta oxalic acid content”
e1“increases in oxalic acid content are associated with C . jacksonii symptom development”
Claim · model-written summary
Time-course experiments supported an association of B . distachyon symptoms with in planta oxalic acid content.
- Taxon
- B . distachyonBrachypodium distachyone0
- Interactor
- C . jacksoniiClarireedia jacksoniie1pathogen
- Compound
- oxalic acide0
- Outcome
- symptom developmente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Time‐course oxalic acid quantification experiments with creeping bentgrass and B . distachyon further supported a link between symptom development and in planta oxalic acid content”
e1“increases in oxalic acid content are associated with C . jacksonii symptom development”
Claim · model-written summary
The experiments identified 48 hours after inoculation as a critical time for investigating oxalic acid in C . jacksonii pathogenesis.
- Taxon
- C . jacksoniiClarireedia jacksoniie0
- Outcome
- critical time‐point for investigating the role of oxalic acide0
- Value
- 48 hr postinoculatione0
Verbatim
e0“identified 48 hr postinoculation as a critical time‐point for investigating the role of oxalic acid in C . jacksonii pathogenesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Various monocots can serve as tractable model systems for C . jacksonii host interactions.
- Taxon
- monocotsLiliopsidae0
- Interactor
- C . jacksoniiClarireedia jacksoniie0pathogen
- Outcome
- tractable model systemse0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“These studies demonstrate that various monocots can serve as tractable model systems for studying C . jacksonii– host interactions”