Abstract
The fungus Sarocladium oryzae (Sawada) causes rice sheath rot and produces the phytotoxins cerulenin and helvolic acid. Both toxins show antimicrobial activity but only helvolic acid production in the rice sheath correlates with virulence. Sarocladium oryzae isolates that differ in their toxin production were used to study their interaction with the rice culturable bacterial endophyte community. The diversity and community structure was defined in the edge of sheath rot lesions, followed by a null model-based co-occurrence analysis to discover pairwise interactions. Non-random pairs were co-cultured to study the nature of the interactions and the role of the toxins herein. Compared to healthy sheaths, endophyte diversity strongly increased when infected with the least virulent S. oryzae isolates producing low amounts of toxins. Virulent S. oryzae isolates did not affect diversity but caused strong shifts in species composition. The endophyte community of healthy rice plants was dominated by B. cereus. This bacterium was enriched in lesions produced by low-virulent S. oryzae isolates and caused hyphal lysis. Contrarily, helvolic acid producers eliminated this bacterium from the sheath endosphere. We conclude that S. oryzae needs to produce antibiotics to defend itself against antagonistic rice endophytes to successfully colonize and infect the rice sheath.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Only helvolic acid production in rice sheaths correlated with fungal virulence.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Compound
- helvolic acide0
- Outcome
- virulencee0
- Direction
- correlatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only helvolic acid production in the rice sheath correlates with virulence.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection with low-toxin, least-virulent S. oryzae strongly increased rice sheath endophyte diversity relative to healthy sheaths.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- infected with the least virulent S. oryzae isolates producing low amounts of toxinse0
- Interactor
- S. oryzae
Sarocladium oryzaee0pathogen - Outcome
- endophyte diversitye0
- Direction
- strongly increasede0
- Comparator
- healthy sheathse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Compared to healthy sheaths, endophyte diversity strongly increased when infected with the least virulent S. oryzae isolates producing low amounts of toxins.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Virulent S. oryzae isolates did not affect rice endophyte diversity.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Virulent S. oryzae isolatese0
- Interactor
- S. oryzaeSarocladium oryzaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- diversitye0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Virulent S. oryzae isolates did not affect diversity but caused strong shifts in species composition.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Virulent S. oryzae isolates strongly shifted rice endophyte species composition.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Virulent S. oryzae isolatese0
- Interactor
- S. oryzaeSarocladium oryzaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- species compositione0
- Direction
- strong shiftse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Virulent S. oryzae isolates did not affect diversity but caused strong shifts in species composition.”
t0“rice”
Claim · model-written summary
B. cereus dominated the endophyte community of healthy rice plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- B. cereuse0symbiont
- Outcome
- endophyte communitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The endophyte community of healthy rice plants was dominated by B. cereus.”
Claim · model-written summary
B. cereus was enriched in rice sheath lesions made by low-virulence S. oryzae.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Interactor
- B. cereuse1symbiont
- Second interactor
- S. oryzaeSarocladium oryzaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- enriched in lesionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This bacterium was enriched in lesions produced by low-virulent S. oryzae isolates and caused hyphal lysis.”
e1“The endophyte community of healthy rice plants was dominated by B. cereus.”
Claim · model-written summary
B. cereus caused hyphal lysis of S. oryzae.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Interactor
- B. cereuse1biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- S. oryzaeSarocladium oryzaee0pathogen
- Outcome
- hyphal lysise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This bacterium was enriched in lesions produced by low-virulent S. oryzae isolates and caused hyphal lysis.”
e1“The endophyte community of healthy rice plants was dominated by B. cereus.”
Claim · model-written summary
Helvolic acid producers eliminated B. cereus from the rice sheath endosphere.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Interactor
- B. cereuse1symbiont
- Compound
- helvolic acide0
- Outcome
- eliminated this bacterium from the sheath endospheree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“helvolic acid producers eliminated this bacterium from the sheath endosphere.”
e1“The endophyte community of healthy rice plants was dominated by B. cereus.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that S. oryzae produces antibiotics to overcome antagonistic rice endophytes and infect sheaths.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Interactor
- S. oryzaeSarocladium oryzaee0pathogen
- Compound
- antibioticse0
- Outcome
- colonize and infect the rice sheathe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“S. oryzae needs to produce antibiotics to defend itself against antagonistic rice endophytes to successfully colonize and infect the rice sheath.”
The same questions in other papers
infection · ecology: diversity · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.