Abstract
BACKGROUND: Plant pathogens and pests often occur together, causing damage while interfering with plant growth. The effects of phytopathogenic infections on plant-herbivore-natural enemy tri-trophic interactions (TTIs) have been extensively investigated, but little is known about how the interval of infection influences such relationships. Here, the effect of rice plants infected by the phytopathogen Rhizoctonia solani on the herbivorous rice brown planthopper (BPH) and associated egg parasitoid Anagrus nilaparvatae over a temporal scale was examined. RESULTS: Our results showed that rice plants infected by R. solani showed increased volatile profiles and significantly attracted BPH and A. nilaparvatae at 5-15 days post infection (DPI) and 5-10 DPI, respectively, when compared with healthy plants. Jasmonic acid and salicylic acid content decreased significantly in BPH-damaged plants after 15 DPI, whereas oxalic acid accumulated soon after 5 DPI when compared with healthy plants. To adapt to adverse environment, BPH laid more eggs and developed into macropterous adults. Under field conditions, R. solani infection had no substantial effect on the arthropod community when compared with healthy plants. CONCLUSION: Taken together, R. solani infection altered rice-pest-parasitoid TTIs over a temporal scale. This result will shed more light on our understanding of plant pathogen-insect cross-talk essential for developing novel pest management strategies. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Infected rice had increased volatile profiles.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Interactor
- R. solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- volatile profilese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“rice plants infected by R. solani showed increased volatile profiles”
t0“rice–pest–parasitoid”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected rice attracted BPH at 5-15 days after infection compared with healthy plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- attracted BPHe0
- Direction
- attractede0
- Qualifier
- 5-15 days post infection (DPI)e0
- Comparator
- healthy plantse0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly attracted BPH and A. nilaparvatae at 5-15 days post infection (DPI) and 5-10 DPI, respectively, when compared with healthy plants”
t0“rice–pest–parasitoid”
Claim · model-written summary
Infected rice attracted A. nilaparvatae at 5-10 DPI compared with healthy plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- A. nilaparvataeAnagrus nilaparvataee0other
- Outcome
- attracted BPH and A. nilaparvataee0
- Direction
- attractede0
- Qualifier
- 5-10 DPIe0
- Comparator
- healthy plantse0
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly attracted BPH and A. nilaparvatae at 5-15 days post infection (DPI) and 5-10 DPI, respectively, when compared with healthy plants”
t0“rice–pest–parasitoid”
Claim · model-written summary
Jasmonic acid and salicylic acid content decreased in BPH-damaged rice after 15 DPI.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- Jasmonic acid and salicylic acid contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- after 15 DPIe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Jasmonic acid and salicylic acid content decreased significantly in BPH-damaged plants after 15 DPI”
t0“rice–pest–parasitoid”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxalic acid accumulated after 5 DPI compared with healthy plants.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- oxalic acide0
- Direction
- accumulatede0
- Qualifier
- after 5 DPIe0
- Comparator
- healthy plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“oxalic acid accumulated soon after 5 DPI when compared with healthy plants”
t0“rice–pest–parasitoid”
Claim · model-written summary
BPH laid more eggs following infection.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- BPH laid more eggse0
- Direction
- moree0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BPH laid more eggs”
t0“rice–pest–parasitoid”
Claim · model-written summary
BPH developed into macropterous adults.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- BPHe0pest
- Outcome
- developed into macropterous adultse0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“BPH laid more eggs and developed into macropterous adults”
t0“rice–pest–parasitoid”
Claim · model-written summary
In the field, infection had no substantial effect on the arthropod community.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- R. solani infectione0
- Interactor
- R. solaniRhizoctonia solanie0pathogen
- Outcome
- arthropod communitye0
- Direction
- no substantial effecte0
- Comparator
- healthy plantse0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under field conditions, R. solani infection had no substantial effect on the arthropod community when compared with healthy plants”
t0“rice–pest–parasitoid”
The same questions in other papers
infection · ecology: diversity · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.