Abstract
Abstract Background The photosynthetic parameters of cotton plants may be modified by the timing of film removal during their growing period. This study was undertaken during 2015–2017 in Xinjiang, China, to determine to what extent the film mulching removal time, 1 and 10 days before the first irrigation and 1 day before the second irrigation after seedling emergence, influenced cotton’s photosynthetic characteristics. The control group (CK) was film-mulched throughout the growth stages. Results The results suggested the following: (1) Removing mulching-film within 50 days since seedling emergence had adverse effects on soil temperature and moisture. (2) Film-removal before the first or second irrigation after emergence improved the net photosynthetic rate in cotton’s later flowering stage and its transpiration rate in mid and later flowering stages while enhancing the actual electron transport rate (ETR) and maximum electron transfer rate (ETRmax) between cotton photosystems I and II. (3) Film-removal treatment also increased cotton plants’ tolerance to high irradiation after emergence, the trend was more pronounced in the early flowering stage in wetter years. (4) Leaf area index (LAI) of cotton was reduced in the film-removal treatment for which the least accumulation of dry matter occurred in a drought year (i.e., 2015). (5) Film removal caused a yield decrease in the dry year (2015), and the earlier the film was removed, the more seriously the yield decreased. Removing mulching film before the second irrigation could increase the yield of XLZ42 in the rainy year (2016) and the normal rainfall year (2017). Early film removal can increase the yield of XLZ45 in the rainy year (2016). Conclusions Collectively, our study’s experimental results indicate that applying mulch film removal at an appropriate, targeted time after seedling emergence had no adverse effects on soil moisture and temperature, and improved the photosynthetic performance of cotton, thus increased cotton yield and fiber quality, but no significant difference was reached.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Removing film within 50 days after emergence adversely affected soil temperature and moisture.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- Removing mulching-film within 50 days since seedling emergencee0
- Outcome
- soil temperature and moisturee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Removing mulching-film within 50 days since seedling emergence had adverse effects on soil temperature and moisture.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing film before the first or second irrigation improved cotton net photosynthetic rate at later flowering.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Organ / stage
- later flowering stagee0
- Treatment
- Film-removal before the first or second irrigation after emergencee0
- Outcome
- net photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- film-mulched throughout the growth stagese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Film-removal before the first or second irrigation after emergence improved the net photosynthetic rate in cotton’s later flowering stage”
e1“The control group (CK) was film-mulched throughout the growth stages.”
Claim · model-written summary
Film removal before the first or second irrigation improved cotton transpiration at middle and later flowering.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Organ / stage
- mid and later flowering stagese0
- Treatment
- Film-removal before the first or second irrigation after emergencee1
- Outcome
- transpiration ratee0
- Direction
- improvede1
- Comparator
- film-mulched throughout the growth stagese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“its transpiration rate in mid and later flowering stages while enhancing the actual electron transport rate (ETR) and maximum electron transfer rate (ETRmax) between cotton photosystems I and II.”
e1“Film-removal before the first or second irrigation after emergence improved the net photosynthetic rate in cotton’s later flowering stage and its transpiration rate in mid and later flowering stages”
e2“The control group (CK) was film-mulched throughout the growth stages.”
Claim · model-written summary
Film removal enhanced actual and maximum electron transport rates between cotton photosystems.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Film-removal before the first or second irrigation after emergencee1
- Outcome
- actual electron transport rate (ETR) and maximum electron transfer rate (ETRmax)e0
- Direction
- enhancinge0
- Comparator
- film-mulched throughout the growth stagese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“enhancing the actual electron transport rate (ETR) and maximum electron transfer rate (ETRmax) between cotton photosystems I and II”
e1“Film-removal before the first or second irrigation after emergence”
e2“The control group (CK) was film-mulched throughout the growth stages.”
Claim · model-written summary
Film removal increased cotton tolerance to high irradiation after emergence, especially at early flowering in wetter years.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- Film-removal treatmente0
- Outcome
- tolerance to high irradiatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- the early flowering stage in wetter yearse0
- Comparator
- film-mulched throughout the growth stagese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Film-removal treatment also increased cotton plants’ tolerance to high irradiation after emergence, the trend was more pronounced in the early flowering stage in wetter years.”
e1“The control group (CK) was film-mulched throughout the growth stages.”
Claim · model-written summary
Film removal reduced cotton leaf area index in the drought year 2015.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- film-removal treatmente0
- Outcome
- Leaf area index (LAI)e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- a drought year (i.e., 2015)e0
- Comparator
- film-mulched throughout the growth stagese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Leaf area index (LAI) of cotton was reduced in the film-removal treatment for which the least accumulation of dry matter occurred in a drought year (i.e., 2015).”
e1“The control group (CK) was film-mulched throughout the growth stages.”
Claim · model-written summary
The film-removal treatment had the least accumulation of cotton dry matter in drought year 2015.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume1
- Treatment
- film-removal treatmente0
- Outcome
- accumulation of dry mattere0
- Direction
- leaste0
- Qualifier
- a drought year (i.e., 2015)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“film-removal treatment for which the least accumulation of dry matter occurred in a drought year (i.e., 2015)”
e1“Leaf area index (LAI) of cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Film removal decreased cotton yield in dry year 2015, with earlier removal causing larger decreases.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- Film removale0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- the dry year (2015)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Film removal caused a yield decrease in the dry year (2015), and the earlier the film was removed, the more seriously the yield decreased.”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing film before the second irrigation increased XLZ42 yield in 2016 and 2017.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Material
- XLZ42e0
- Treatment
- Removing mulching film before the second irrigatione0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- the rainy year (2016) and the normal rainfall year (2017)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Removing mulching film before the second irrigation could increase the yield of XLZ42 in the rainy year (2016) and the normal rainfall year (2017).”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Early film removal increased XLZ45 yield in rainy year 2016.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Material
- XLZ45e0
- Treatment
- Early film removale0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- the rainy year (2016)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early film removal can increase the yield of XLZ45 in the rainy year (2016).”
t0“cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that appropriately timed film removal improved cotton photosynthetic performance, yield and fiber quality, without a significant difference.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- applying mulch film removal at an appropriate, targeted time after seedling emergencee0
- Outcome
- fiber qualitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“applying mulch film removal at an appropriate, targeted time after seedling emergence had no adverse effects on soil moisture and temperature, and improved the photosynthetic performance of cotton, thus increased cotton yield and fiber quality, but no significant difference was reached.”
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