Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to investigate the role of irrigation method and bitumen (petroleum derived product) in improvement of soil physical characteristic and yield of corn at the Gypsiferous Soil Experimental Station in Aldoor, 200 km Northeast Baghdad, Iraq. Irrigation was practiced by there methods: surface, sprinkler, and drip. Bitumen was mixed with the upper 15 cm of soil surface at concentration of 0.5% on soil mass basis. A split-split plot in RCBD with four replicates was used in which the main plots were assigned for the irrigation treatment, subplots for the cultivation, and the sub-sub plots for bitumen treatment. Irrigation was accomplished based on evaporation of class-A pan. In general, results indicated that the application of bitumen improved soil characteristic and increased yield. Interaction between irrigation, cultivation and bitumen increased (MWD). Values of soil bulk density increased by 1.12, 5.7 with sprinkler and drip irrigation respectively comparing with surface irrigation. Significant interaction observed between irrigation and bitumen by its effects on the values of sub surface, the heights value, and on the other hand the lowest value was 0.725 cm/hr. Infiltration rate increased under sprinkler and drip irrigation, average infiltration rate increased under circumstance use of drip, sprinkler and surface irrigation. Addition of bitumen was improved subsurface hydraulic conductivity by 102% compared with no bitumen addition. Significant decreases observed with infiltration and average infiltration rate as result of bitumen uses. On the other hand the values of average infiltration rate for cultivated, none cultivated increased under uses of drip, sprinkler and surface irrigation. Grain yield was 4.6 and 3.68 ton/ha with surface drip, and sprinkler irrigation, respectively. Grain yield was superior with the addition of bitumen by 32% compared with not bitumen application.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Bitumen increased corn yield.
- Taxon
- Corn
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Treatment
- application of bitumene0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“application of bitumen improved soil characteristic and increased yield.”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation, cultivation and bitumen together increased soil mean weight diameter.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- irrigation, cultivation and bitumene0
- Outcome
- MWDe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Interaction between irrigation, cultivation and bitumen increased (MWD).”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkler irrigation increased soil bulk density by 1.12 relative to surface irrigation.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- sprinklere0
- Outcome
- soil bulk densitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 1.12e0
- Comparator
- surface irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Values of soil bulk density increased by 1.12, 5.7 with sprinkler and drip irrigation respectively comparing with surface irrigation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation increased soil bulk density by 5.7 relative to surface irrigation.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- drip irrigatione0
- Outcome
- soil bulk densitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 5.7e0
- Comparator
- surface irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Values of soil bulk density increased by 1.12, 5.7 with sprinkler and drip irrigation respectively comparing with surface irrigation.”
Claim · model-written summary
Irrigation and bitumen interacted significantly in their effect on a subsurface soil measure; the lowest reported value was 0.725 cm/hr.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- values of sub surfacee0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 0.725 cm/hre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Significant interaction observed between irrigation and bitumen by its effects on the values of sub surface, the heights value, and on the other hand the lowest value was 0.725 cm/hr.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkler irrigation increased soil infiltration rate.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- sprinklere0
- Outcome
- Infiltration ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Infiltration rate increased under sprinkler and drip irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Drip irrigation increased soil infiltration rate.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- drip irrigatione0
- Outcome
- Infiltration ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Infiltration rate increased under sprinkler and drip irrigation”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding bitumen improved subsurface hydraulic conductivity by 102% relative to no bitumen.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- Addition of bitumene0
- Outcome
- subsurface hydraulic conductivitye0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 102%e0
- Comparator
- no bitumen additione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Addition of bitumen was improved subsurface hydraulic conductivity by 102% compared with no bitumen addition.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bitumen significantly decreased infiltration and average infiltration rates.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- bitumen usese0
- Outcome
- infiltration and average infiltration ratee0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Significant decreases observed with infiltration and average infiltration rate as result of bitumen uses.”
Claim · model-written summary
Surface drip irrigation produced corn grain yield of 4.6 ton/ha.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- surface dripe0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Value
- 4.6e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Grain yield was 4.6 and 3.68 ton/ha with surface drip, and sprinkler irrigation, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprinkler irrigation produced corn grain yield of 3.68 ton/ha.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- sprinkler irrigatione0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Value
- 3.68 ton/hae0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Grain yield was 4.6 and 3.68 ton/ha with surface drip, and sprinkler irrigation, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Bitumen increased corn grain yield by 32% relative to no bitumen.
- Taxon
- CornZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- addition of bitumene0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 32%e0
- Comparator
- not bitumen applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Corn”
e0“Grain yield was superior with the addition of bitumen by 32% compared with not bitumen application.”