Abstract
Organic tomato growers in West Virginia and neighboring states suffer serious economic losses each year due to soil-borne wilt diseases caused by fungal pathogens including Verticillium dahliae. This study determined the efficacies of biological control agents (BCAs – Serenade SOIL and Prestop), bio-fumigants and transplants grafted to a resistant rootstock in suppressing wilt disease in heirloom tomato cv. Mortgage Lifter in a certified organic production system in West Virginia in two consecutive years. Prestop and Serenade treatments resulted in higher seedling vigor at the early stage. However, within 40 days of field set in the fungal pathogen infested soil, grafted transplants (on resistant rootstock Maxifort) had the highest vigor followed by BCA treatments, biofumigation with mustard cover crop and mustard meal and was lowest in nontreated control. All treatments showed significantly lower Verticillium wilt severity index than control except mustard cover crop and Prestop in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Total fruit harvested over a six-week period indicated that yield from all but mustard cover crop treatment were significantly (P < 0.001) higher compared to the nontreated control in 2015. However, results from 2016 indicated that mustard cover crop would work best for both disease suppression and yield enhancement when tissues were well macerated and incorporated immediately in the soil and covered with impervious plastic for up to 10 days. In 2016, all treatments except Prestop produced higher tomato yield than the nontreated control. In general, yield advantage over nontreated were in the order of grafted > bio-fumigation > BCA treatments > nontreated check. Between two BCAs, Bacillus subtilis (Serenade) consistently provided better disease suppression and improved yield compared with Gliocladium catenulatum (Prestop) in both years. Grafted plants produced 9.1 and 10.0 kg tomatoes/plant in 2015 and 2016, respectively, compared with only 5.0 kg in nontreated control. Our results suggest that grafted transplants, biofumigation and selected BCA should be useful for sustainable management of tomato wilt disease in organic production systems. An economic analysis indicated that grafted tomato can provide the greatest net revenue followed by mustard meal biofumigation in farms infested with wilt causing pathogen.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Prestop increased early tomato seedling vigor.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Prestope0
- Outcome
- seedling vigore0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- at the early stagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Prestop and Serenade treatments resulted in higher seedling vigor at the early stage.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Serenade increased early tomato seedling vigor.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Serenadee0
- Outcome
- seedling vigore0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Prestop and Serenade treatments resulted in higher seedling vigor at the early stage.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Within 40 days of field establishment, Maxifort-grafted tomato transplants had the highest vigor, with the stated descending treatment ranking.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Maxiforte0
- Treatment
- grafted transplantse0
- Outcome
- vigore0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Qualifier
- followed by BCA treatments, biofumigation with mustard cover crop and mustard meale0
- Comparator
- nontreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“within 40 days of field set in the fungal pathogen infested soil, grafted transplants (on resistant rootstock Maxifort) had the highest vigor followed by BCA treatments, biofumigation with mustard cover crop and mustard meal and was lowest in nontreated control.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments lowered tomato Verticillium wilt severity significantly, except mustard cover crop in 2015 and Prestop in 2016.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- All treatmentse0
- Interactor
- VerticilliumVerticilliume0pathogen
- Outcome
- Verticillium wilt severity indexe0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Qualifier
- except mustard cover crop and Prestop in 2015 and 2016, respectivelye0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All treatments showed significantly lower Verticillium wilt severity index than control except mustard cover crop and Prestop in 2015 and 2016, respectively.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
In 2015, all treatments except mustard cover crop significantly increased six-week tomato yield relative to the untreated control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- all but mustard cover crop treatmente0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- in 2015e0
- Comparator
- nontreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total fruit harvested over a six-week period indicated that yield from all but mustard cover crop treatment were significantly (P < 0.001) higher compared to the nontreated control in 2015.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The 2016 results suggested that well-macerated mustard cover crop incorporated immediately and covered with plastic for up to ten days would perform best for tomato disease suppression and yield enhancement.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- mustard cover crope0
- Qualifier
- when tissues were well macerated and incorporated immediately in the soil and covered with impervious plastic for up to 10 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“results from 2016 indicated that mustard cover crop would work best for both disease suppression and yield enhancement when tissues were well macerated and incorporated immediately in the soil and covered with impervious plastic for up to 10 days.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments except Prestop increased tomato yield in 2016.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- all treatments except Prestope0
- Outcome
- tomato yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- nontreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In 2016, all treatments except Prestop produced higher tomato yield than the nontreated control.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato yield advantage ranked grafting above biofumigation, above biological control treatments, above the untreated check.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- yield advantagee0
- Qualifier
- grafted > bio-fumigation > BCA treatments > nontreated checke0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In general, yield advantage over nontreated were in the order of grafted > bio-fumigation > BCA treatments > nontreated check.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis Serenade provided better tomato disease suppression than Gliocladium catenulatum Prestop in both years.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilis (Serenade)e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- disease suppressione0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- Gliocladium catenulatum (Prestop)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Between two BCAs, Bacillus subtilis (Serenade) consistently provided better disease suppression and improved yield compared with Gliocladium catenulatum (Prestop) in both years.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacillus subtilis Serenade improved tomato yield compared with Gliocladium catenulatum Prestop in both years.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Bacillus subtilis (Serenade)e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilise0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Comparator
- Gliocladium catenulatum (Prestop)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Between two BCAs, Bacillus subtilis (Serenade) consistently provided better disease suppression and improved yield compared with Gliocladium catenulatum (Prestop) in both years.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafted tomato plants yielded 9.1 kg per plant in 2015 compared with 5.0 kg in the untreated control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Grafted plantse0
- Outcome
- tomatoes/plante0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 9.1e0
- Qualifier
- 2015e0
- Comparator
- nontreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grafted plants produced 9.1 and 10.0 kg tomatoes/plant in 2015 and 2016, respectively, compared with only 5.0 kg in nontreated control.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Grafted tomato plants yielded 10.0 kg per plant in 2016 compared with 5.0 kg in the untreated control.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Grafted plantse0
- Outcome
- tomatoes/plante0
- Direction
- higherinferrede0
- Value
- 10.0 kg tomatoes/plante0
- Qualifier
- 2016e0
- Comparator
- nontreated controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Grafted plants produced 9.1 and 10.0 kg tomatoes/plant in 2015 and 2016, respectively, compared with only 5.0 kg in nontreated control.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend grafted transplants, biofumigation and selected biological control agents for sustainable tomato wilt management in organic production.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- grafted transplants, biofumigation and selected BCAe0
- Setting
- organic production systemse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Our results suggest that grafted transplants, biofumigation and selected BCA should be useful for sustainable management of tomato wilt disease in organic production systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Economic analysis ranked grafted tomato first and mustard meal biofumigation second for net revenue on wilt-infested farms.
- Treatment
- grafted tomatoe0
- Outcome
- net revenuee0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Qualifier
- followed by mustard meal biofumigatione0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“An economic analysis indicated that grafted tomato can provide the greatest net revenue followed by mustard meal biofumigation in farms infested with wilt causing pathogen.”
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