Abstract
Tomatoes are an important agricultural product because they contain high concentrations of bioactive substances, such as folate, ascorbate, polyphenols, and carotenoids, as well as many other essential elements. As a result, tomatoes are thought to be extremely beneficial to human health. Chemical fertilizers and insecticides are routinely utilized to maximize tomato production. In this context, microbial inoculations, particularly those containing PGPR, may be utilized in place of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. In this study, we investigated the effects of PGPR (Bacillus subtilis, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) and cyanobacteria when utilized alone, and in conjunction with each other, on the growth, quality, and yield of fresh fruits of tomato plants. The results showed that the inoculation significantly increased all measured parameters of tomato plants compared with the control. Combined use of B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens had a positive impact on tomato yield, increasing fruit yield. Moreover, leaflet anatomical characteristics were altered, with increased thickness of the upper epidermis, lower epidermis, palisade tissue, spongy tissue, and vascular bundles. Tomato fruit quality was improved, as measured by an increased number of fruit per plant (76% increase), fruit weight (g; 33% increase), fruit height (cm; 50% increase), fruit diameter (cm; 50%), total soluble solids (TSS; 26% increase), and ascorbic acid (mg/100 g F.W.; 75% increase), relative to the control, in the first season. In addition, fruit chemical contents (N, P, and K) were increased with inoculation. The results suggest that inoculation with B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens could be successfully used to enhance tomato plant growth and yield.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Microbial inoculation significantly increased all measured tomato parameters relative to control.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Outcome
- all measured parameterse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the inoculation significantly increased all measured parameters of tomato plants compared with the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens increased tomato fruit yield.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Combined use of B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciense0
- Interactor
- B. subtilis
Bacillus subtilise0symbiontt0 - Second interactor
- B. amyloliquefaciens
.jpg?width=60)
Bacillus amyloliquefaciense0symbiontt0 - Outcome
- fruit yielde0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Combined use of B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens had a positive impact on tomato yield, increasing fruit yield.”
t0“Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Cyanobacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased upper and lower epidermis and palisade tissue thickness.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PGPRt1
- Outcome
- thickness of the upper epidermis, lower epidermis, palisade tissuee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased thickness of the upper epidermis, lower epidermis, palisade tissue, spongy tissue, and vascular bundles”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Cyanobacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased spongy tissue and vascular bundle thickness.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PGPRt1
- Outcome
- spongy tissue, and vascular bundlese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased thickness of the upper epidermis, lower epidermis, palisade tissue, spongy tissue, and vascular bundles”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Cyanobacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit number per plant increased 76% versus control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PGPRt1
- Outcome
- number of fruit per plante0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 76%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“number of fruit per plant (76% increase)”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Cyanobacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit weight increased 33% versus control.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit weight (g; 33% increase)”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Cyanobacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit height increased 50% versus control.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit height (cm; 50% increase)”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Cyanobacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit diameter increased 50% versus control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PGPRt1
- Outcome
- fruit diametere0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit diameter (cm; 50%)”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Cyanobacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
Total soluble solids increased 26% versus control.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PGPRt1
- Outcome
- total soluble solidse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 26%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total soluble solids (TSS; 26% increase)”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Cyanobacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbic acid increased 75% versus control.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ascorbic acid (mg/100 g F.W.; 75% increase)”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Cyanobacteria”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation increased fruit N, P and K contents.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- inoculatione0
- Outcome
- fruit chemical contents (N, P, and K)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fruit chemical contents (N, P, and K) were increased with inoculation”
t0“Tomato”
t1“Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Cyanobacteria”
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