Abstract
Pre-planting soil fumigation is a common practice for controlling strawberries (Fragaria×ananassa Duchesne) soil-borne diseases worldwide. Methyl bromide was the preferred fumigant for growers until it was classified as an ozone-depleting substance, and its utilization was gradually restricted and legally phased out in 2015 in China. Chloropicrin or 1, 3-dichloropropene as the main alternative fumigants for methyl bromide are not sustainable. These kinds of broad-spectrum fumigants require a commercially licensed application, are costly, and are potentially hazardous to agricultural workers and the environment. These negative side-effects have promoted the search for alternatives that growers can use to control soil-borne diseases. Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) is widely evaluated to suppress soil-borne diseases economically in numerous crops. The efficacy of the ASD technique varies with the form of the carbon source and its quantity, the soil properties, the temperature, and the cover tarps. The influence of different tarps on ASD efficacy is not documented. The structure of the thesis was divided into three parts: 1) the first part focused on optimizing ASD technologies by testing several carbon sources, cover tarps, soil moisture, and air temperature to reduce ASD cost while maintaining the efficacy; 2) using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies to monitor the soil microbial communities before and after ASD treatments; 3) organizing field trials to evaluate the effect of ASD on control strawberry soil-borne diseases and the responses of plant growth, yield, and grower’s income. In the laboratory experiments, we evaluated the efficacy of three films used for ASD. The films included: polyethylene (PE), totally impermeable film (TIF), and virtually impermeable film (VIF). Water irrigation was used as a blank control. The result indicated that the combined factors of maltose, 28℃ temperature, and 30% of soil moisture carried out for ASD were more efficient than the other conditions by orthogonal experimental studies. Also, ASD using maltose as an organic amendment and sealing with TIF obtained the higher suppression against Fusarium spp. (> 99.5%) and Phytophthora spp. (> 99.3%). In the field trials, the efficacy of ASD using 6 and 9 t/ha maltose and sealing with TIF was evaluated and compared with reference treatment with chloropicrin (Pic), soil solarization (Sol), or untreated control. Compared with the untreated soil, ASD treatments highly reduced the colony number of Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp., and successfully controlled the damage caused by root rot wilt disease. ASD significantly increased the soil’s nutrition which promoted plant growth. Also, it significantly increased strawberry yield, which was similar to the Pic but better than the solar energy treatment. The analyzed fungal and bacterial microbiota did not show significant differences in the taxonomic richness and diversity between the compared treatments. Nevertheless, compared with the blank control, ASD treatments seemed to cause a modification change of the soil bacterial and fungi taxonomy composition at the class and genus levels even though the shift was not significant. In the second field trial, to reduce the cost of ASD and to promote its commercial application, the impact of 6 tons/ha composted chicken manure (CCM, CCM6) or 12 tons/ha CCM (CCM12) and TIF against soil-borne pests was evaluated. The results showed that the colonies of Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. reduced significantly after ASD. With ASD treatment, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, and organic matter was significantly increased, but the oxidation-reduction potential was decreased in the soil. Besides, the strawberry plant height, stem thickness, and yield were significantly higher than the control. The strawberry marketable income was higher with ASD, the economic benefit could be due to the suppression of soil-borne disease reduction and the improvement of soil nutrition. The soil bacterial and fungal diversity and richness increased after CCM 6 treatment, but there was no significant difference between the CCM12 and the control. The increased biological control agents lead to the suppression of soil-borne pathogens. In summary, the results of the three experiments showed that adding maltose or compost chicken manure as a carbon source and coupling it with TIF for ASD has a great potential to replace chloropicrin for soil-borne diseases control in commercial strawberries production.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Under orthogonal experiments, ASD with maltose, 28 degC and 30% soil moisture was more efficient than the other conditions.
- Taxon
- Strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Treatment
- maltose, 28℃ temperature, and 30% of soil moisturee0
- Outcome
- efficiente0
- Direction
- more efficiente0
- Comparator
- the other conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry Soil-borne Diseases”
e0“combined factors of maltose, 28℃ temperature, and 30% of soil moisture carried out for ASD were more efficient than the other conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
ASD using maltose and sealing with TIF gave higher suppression of Fusarium spp. (> 99.5%).
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- ASD using maltose as an organic amendment and sealing with TIFe0
- Outcome
- suppressione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- > 99.5%e0
FusariumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry Soil-borne Diseases”
e0“ASD using maltose as an organic amendment and sealing with TIF obtained the higher suppression against Fusarium spp. (> 99.5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
ASD using maltose and sealing with TIF gave higher suppression of Phytophthora spp. (> 99.3%).
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- ASD using maltose as an organic amendment and sealing with TIFe0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora spp.
Phytophthorae0pathogen - Outcome
- suppressione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- > 99.3%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry Soil-borne Diseases”
e0“ASD using maltose as an organic amendment and sealing with TIF obtained the higher suppression against Fusarium spp. (> 99.5%) and Phytophthora spp. (> 99.3%)”
Claim · model-written summary
In field trials, ASD treatments highly reduced the colony numbers of Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. compared with untreated soil.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- ASD treatmentse0
- Second interactor
- Phytophthora spp.Phytophthorae0pathogen
- Outcome
- colony number of Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp.e0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- untreated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry Soil-borne Diseases”
e0“Compared with the untreated soil, ASD treatments highly reduced the colony number of Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp.”
Claim · model-written summary
ASD treatments successfully controlled the damage caused by root rot wilt disease compared with untreated soil.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- ASD treatmentse0
- Outcome
- damage caused by root rot wilt diseasee0
- Direction
- controllede0
- Comparator
- untreated soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry Soil-borne Diseases”
e0“Compared with the untreated soil, ASD treatments highly reduced the colony number of Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp., and successfully controlled the damage caused by root rot wilt disease”
Claim · model-written summary
ASD significantly increased the soil nutrition.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- ASDe0
- Outcome
- soil’s nutritione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry Soil-borne Diseases”
e0“ASD significantly increased the soil’s nutrition”
Claim · model-written summary
ASD significantly increased strawberry yield.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- ASDe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ASD significantly increased the soil’s nutrition which promoted plant growth. Also, it significantly increased strawberry yield, which was similar to the Pic but better than the solar energy treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Strawberry yield with ASD was similar to that with chloropicrin (Pic).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ASD significantly increased the soil’s nutrition which promoted plant growth. Also, it significantly increased strawberry yield, which was similar to the Pic but better than the solar energy treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Strawberry yield with ASD was better than with the solar energy treatment.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- ASDe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- solar energy treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ASD significantly increased the soil’s nutrition which promoted plant growth. Also, it significantly increased strawberry yield, which was similar to the Pic but better than the solar energy treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal and bacterial taxonomic richness and diversity did not differ significantly between the compared treatments.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- compared treatmentse0
- Outcome
- taxonomic richness and diversitye0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry Soil-borne Diseases”
e0“The analyzed fungal and bacterial microbiota did not show significant differences in the taxonomic richness and diversity between the compared treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Compared with the blank control, ASD treatments seemed to modify soil bacterial and fungal taxonomic composition at class and genus levels, though the shift was not significant.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- ASD treatmentse0
- Outcome
- soil bacterial and fungi taxonomy compositione0
- Direction
- modification changee0
- Comparator
- blank controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry Soil-borne Diseases”
e0“compared with the blank control, ASD treatments seemed to cause a modification change of the soil bacterial and fungi taxonomy composition at the class and genus levels even though the shift was not significant”
Claim · model-written summary
In the second field trial, colonies of Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. were significantly reduced after ASD.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- ASDe0
- Second interactor
- Phytophthora spp.Phytophthorae0pathogen
- Outcome
- colonies of Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp.e0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry Soil-borne Diseases”
e0“the colonies of Fusarium spp. and Phytophthora spp. reduced significantly after ASD”
Claim · model-written summary
ASD significantly increased soil ammonium nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen and organic matter.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- ASD treatmente0
- Outcome
- concentration of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, and organic mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry Soil-borne Diseases”
e0“With ASD treatment, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, and organic matter was significantly increased”
Claim · model-written summary
The soil oxidation-reduction potential was decreased with ASD.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- ASD treatmente0
- Outcome
- oxidation-reduction potentiale0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry Soil-borne Diseases”
e0“With ASD treatment, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, and organic matter was significantly increased, but the oxidation-reduction potential was decreased in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Strawberry plant height, stem thickness and yield were significantly higher with ASD than in the control.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- ASD treatmente0
- Outcome
- plant height, stem thickness, and yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“With ASD treatment, the concentration of ammonium nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, and organic matter was significantly increased, but the oxidation-reduction potential was decreased in the soil. Besides, the strawberry plant height, stem thickness, and yield were significantly higher than the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Strawberry marketable income was higher with ASD.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Treatment
- ASDe0
- Outcome
- marketable incomee0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The strawberry marketable income was higher with ASD”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute suppression of soil-borne pathogens to increased biological control agents.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- soil-borne pathogense0pathogen
- Second interactor
- biological control agentse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- suppression of soil-borne pathogense0
- Qualifier
- increased biological control agentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry Soil-borne Diseases”
e0“The increased biological control agents lead to the suppression of soil-borne pathogens”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil bacterial and fungal diversity and richness increased after CCM 6 treatment.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- CCM 6 treatmente0
- Outcome
- soil bacterial and fungal diversity and richnesse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry Soil-borne Diseases”
e0“The soil bacterial and fungal diversity and richness increased after CCM 6 treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
There was no significant difference in soil bacterial and fungal diversity and richness between CCM12 and the control.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- CCM12e0
- Outcome
- soil bacterial and fungal diversity and richnesse0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Strawberry Soil-borne Diseases”
e0“The soil bacterial and fungal diversity and richness increased after CCM 6 treatment, but there was no significant difference between the CCM12 and the control”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude that adding maltose or composted chicken manure as carbon source with TIF for ASD has great potential to replace chloropicrin for soil-borne disease control in commercial strawberry production.
- Taxon
- strawberriesFragaria ×ananassae0
- Outcome
- replace chloropicrin for soil-borne diseases controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“adding maltose or compost chicken manure as a carbon source and coupling it with TIF for ASD has a great potential to replace chloropicrin for soil-borne diseases control in commercial strawberries production”
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See all 5 papers →8 of 10 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.