Abstract
Poppy seed production is susceptible to abiotic and biotic stress and weed infestation, which introduces the risk of total crop failure. For the purpose of risk minimization, poppy was grown in additive intercropping systems with early and late sown white clover and spring barley sown at three different densities in a three year field trial to assess their roles in poppy cropping while adding ecological benefits to the crop rotation. Poppy yielded between 798.7 and 1293.1 kg ha−1, with no significant yield effects of intercropping with white clover, compared to poppy sole-cropping. Dry matter, height, leaf area index and C/N ratio of the poppy plants were not significantly impacted by the clover intercrop either, independent on its sowing date. Higher poppy yields (695.6–918.8 kg ha−1) and LERs (1.11–1.84) in the poppy–barley intercrop were achieved in 2018 and 2020 compared to 2019 (≤361.5 kg ha−1, LER ≤ 0.99), mainly due to differences in seeding dates, precipitation and nutrient availability. Therefore, previous seeding of poppy limits competition when intercropped with barley while white clover and poppy can be sown at the same time. The effect of barley seeding densities on the intercrop performance was small as was the influence of intercropping on weed cover, number and biomass. The weed regulating effect needs to be further examined, however, we conclude that intercropping of poppy is a promising strategy for its cultivation, in terms of minimizing the risk of total yield losses when precisely managed.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Poppy yield ranged from 798.7 to 1293.1 kg ha−1.
Verbatim
e0“Poppy yielded between 798.7 and 1293.1 kg ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
White clover intercropping had no significant effect on poppy yield versus sole cropping.
- Taxon
- poppye0
- Treatment
- intercropping with white clovere0
- Interactor
- white clover
Trifolium repense0weed - Outcome
- yield effectse0
- Direction
- no significante0
- Comparator
- poppy sole-croppinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant yield effects of intercropping with white clover, compared to poppy sole-cropping”
Claim · model-written summary
White clover intercropping did not significantly change poppy dry matter, height or leaf area index.
- Taxon
- poppye0
- Treatment
- clover intercrope0
- Outcome
- Dry matter, height, leaf area indexe0
- Direction
- not significantly impactede0
- Qualifier
- independent on its sowing datee0
TrifoliumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry matter, height, leaf area index and C/N ratio of the poppy plants were not significantly impacted by the clover intercrop either, independent on its sowing date”
Claim · model-written summary
White clover intercropping did not significantly change poppy C/N ratio.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Dry matter, height, leaf area index and C/N ratio of the poppy plants were not significantly impacted by the clover intercrop either, independent on its sowing date”
Claim · model-written summary
Poppy-barley intercrop yields were higher in 2018 and 2020 than 2019.
- Taxon
- poppye0
- Interactor
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0other - Outcome
- poppy yieldse0
- Direction
- Highere0
- Value
- 695.6–918.8 kg ha−1e0
- Qualifier
- ≤361.5 kg ha−1e0
- Comparator
- 2019e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Higher poppy yields (695.6–918.8 kg ha−1) and LERs (1.11–1.84) in the poppy–barley intercrop were achieved in 2018 and 2020 compared to 2019 (≤361.5 kg ha−1, LER ≤ 0.99)”
Claim · model-written summary
The poppy-barley intercrop had higher land equivalent ratios in 2018 and 2020 than 2019.
- Taxon
- poppye0
- Interactor
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0other
- Outcome
- LERse0
- Direction
- Highere0
- Value
- 1.11–1.84e0
- Qualifier
- LER ≤ 0.99e0
- Comparator
- 2019e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher poppy yields (695.6–918.8 kg ha−1) and LERs (1.11–1.84) in the poppy–barley intercrop were achieved in 2018 and 2020 compared to 2019 (≤361.5 kg ha−1, LER ≤ 0.99)”
Claim · model-written summary
Differences in seeding dates, precipitation and nutrients chiefly explained year differences.
Verbatim
e0“Higher poppy yields (695.6–918.8 kg ha−1) and LERs (1.11–1.84) in the poppy–barley intercrop were achieved in 2018 and 2020 compared to 2019 (≤361.5 kg ha−1, LER ≤ 0.99), mainly due to differences in seeding dates, precipitation and nutrient availability”
t0“Poppy”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley seeding density had a small effect on intercrop performance.
- Taxon
- Poppyt0
- Treatment
- barley seeding densitiese0
- Interactor
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0other
- Outcome
- intercrop performancee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of barley seeding densities on the intercrop performance was small”
t0“Poppy”
Claim · model-written summary
Intercropping had a small effect on weed cover, number and biomass.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“the influence of intercropping on weed cover, number and biomass”
t0“Poppy”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors advise seeding poppy before barley to limit competition.
- Taxon
- poppye0
- Interactor
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0other
- Outcome
- previous seeding of poppye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“previous seeding of poppy limits competition when intercropped with barley”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude poppy and white clover can be sown together.
- Taxon
- poppye0
- Interactor
- white cloverTrifolium repense0other
- Outcome
- poppy can be sown at the same timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“white clover and poppy can be sown at the same time”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors consider carefully managed poppy intercropping promising for reducing total yield-loss risk.
Verbatim
e0“intercropping of poppy is a promising strategy for its cultivation, in terms of minimizing the risk of total yield losses when precisely managed”