Abstract
Abstract Rice which belongs to the grass family is vulnerable to water stress. As water resources get limited, the productivity of rice is affected especially in granaries located at drought prone areas. It would be even worse in granaries located in drought prone areas such as KADA that receives the lowest rainfall in Malaysia. Spermine (SPM), a polyamine compound that is found ubiquitiosly in plants is involved in adaptation of biotic and abiotic stresses. The effect of SPM on growth,grain filling and yield of rice at three main granaries namely, IADA BLS, MADA and KADA representing unlimited water, limited water and water stress conditions respectively, were tested during the main season. Additinally, the growth enhancer was also tested during off season at KADA. Spermine increased plant height, number of tillers per hill and chlorophyll content in all three granaries. Application of SPM improved yield by 38, 29 and 20% in MADA, KADA and IADA BLS, respectively. Harvest index showed 2.6, 6 and 16% increases at IADA BLS, KADA and MADA, respectively in SPM treated plants as compared to untreated. Except for KADA which showed a reduction in yield at 2.54 tha −1 , SPM improved yield at MADA, 7.21 tha −1 and IADA BLS, 9.13 tha −1 as compared to the average yield at these respective granaries. In the second trial, SPM increased the yield to 7.0 and 6.4 tha −1 during main and off seasons, respectively, indicating that it was significantly higher than control and the average yield reported by KADA. The yield of SPM treatments improved by 25 and 33% with an increment of farmer’s income at main and off seasons, respectively. Stomatal width was significantly higher than control at 11.89 µm. In conclusion, irrespective of the tested granaries and rice variety, spermine mediated plots displayed increment in grain yield.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine increased rice plant height and tiller number across all three granaries.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- Sperminee0
- Outcome
- plant height, number of tillers per hille0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spermine increased plant height, number of tillers per hill and chlorophyll content in all three granaries”
t0“rice under differing water availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine increased rice chlorophyll content across all three granaries.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- Sperminee0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spermine increased plant height, number of tillers per hill and chlorophyll content in all three granaries”
t0“rice under differing water availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine improved yield by 38% at MADA.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of SPM improved yield by 38, 29 and 20% in MADA, KADA and IADA BLS, respectively”
t0“rice under differing water availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine improved yield by 29% at KADA.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of SPM improved yield by 38, 29 and 20% in MADA, KADA and IADA BLS, respectively”
t0“rice under differing water availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine improved yield by 20% at IADA BLS.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of SPM improved yield by 38, 29 and 20% in MADA, KADA and IADA BLS, respectively”
t0“rice under differing water availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine raised harvest index by 2.6% at IADA BLS.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SPMe0
- Outcome
- Harvest indexe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 2.6e0
- Comparator
- untreatede0
- Setting
- IADA BLSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Harvest index showed 2.6, 6 and 16% increases at IADA BLS, KADA and MADA, respectively in SPM treated plants as compared to untreated”
t0“rice under differing water availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine raised harvest index by 6% at KADA.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SPMe0
- Outcome
- Harvest indexe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 6e0
- Comparator
- untreatede0
- Setting
- KADAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Harvest index showed 2.6, 6 and 16% increases at IADA BLS, KADA and MADA, respectively in SPM treated plants as compared to untreated”
t0“rice under differing water availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine raised harvest index by 16% at MADA.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SPMe0
- Outcome
- Harvest indexe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 16%e0
- Comparator
- untreatede0
- Setting
- MADAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Harvest index showed 2.6, 6 and 16% increases at IADA BLS, KADA and MADA, respectively in SPM treated plants as compared to untreated”
t0“rice under differing water availability”
Claim · model-written summary
At KADA, spermine treated yield was reduced to 2.54 tonnes per hectare relative to the granary average.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“KADA which showed a reduction in yield at 2.54 tha −1”
t0“rice under differing water availability”
Claim · model-written summary
At MADA, spermine improved yield to 7.21 tonnes per hectare relative to the granary average.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SPMe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 7.21 tha −1e0
- Setting
- MADAe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SPM improved yield at MADA, 7.21 tha −1”
t0“rice under differing water availability”
Claim · model-written summary
At IADA BLS, spermine improved yield to 9.13 tonnes per hectare relative to the granary average.
Not reportedTreatmentDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IADA BLS, 9.13 tha −1 as compared to the average yield at these respective granaries”
t0“rice under differing water availability”
Claim · model-written summary
At KADA in the second trial, spermine raised main season yield to 7.0 tonnes per hectare.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SPMe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 7.0e0
- Qualifier
- main and off seasonse0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SPM increased the yield to 7.0 and 6.4 tha −1 during main and off seasons, respectively, indicating that it was significantly higher than control”
t0“rice under differing water availability”
Claim · model-written summary
At KADA in the second trial, spermine raised off season yield to 6.4 tonnes per hectare.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- SPMe0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 6.4 tha −1e0
- Comparator
- controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SPM increased the yield to 7.0 and 6.4 tha −1 during main and off seasons, respectively, indicating that it was significantly higher than control”
t0“rice under differing water availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine improved yield by 25% in the main season.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield of SPM treatments improved by 25 and 33% with an increment of farmer’s income at main and off seasons, respectively”
t0“rice under differing water availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine improved yield by 33% in the off season.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The yield of SPM treatments improved by 25 and 33% with an increment of farmer’s income at main and off seasons, respectively”
t0“rice under differing water availability”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine increased stomatal width to 11.89 micrometres compared with control.
Not reportedTreatment
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stomatal width was significantly higher than control at 11.89 µm”
t0“rice under differing water availability”
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