Abstract
Mexican sunflower management in arable crops is becoming increasingly important due to its prevalent growth habit. The field experiments were conducted to compare weed suppressive abilities of two cover crops and two maize herbicides on Mexican sunflower. The treatments consist of the pre-emergence application of Primextra Gold (atrazine + metolachlor) at 4 l/ha, a post-emergence application of Aminoforce (2, 4-D) at 1.6 l/ha, two cover crops, Centrosema pubescens (Centro) at 2.5 kg/ha and Pueraria phaseoloides (Puero) at 2.0 kg/ha, hand weeding at 2 and 5 weeks after sowing (WAS) and no weeding. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with four replications. Pre-emergence herbicide produced taller plants at 8 and 12 WAS and higher number of leaves at 12 WAS. Despite two hand weedings (at 2 and 5 WAS), the weed biomass of hand weeding treatment was not different from no weeding. Higher weed densities produced by hand weeding and no weeding at 12 WAS indicated that the two herbicides and the two cover crop treatments gave better weed control than both weed checks. Weed control was 4, 7 and 8 times better in pre-emergence, post-emergence and Centro; respectively, than no weeding at 8 WAS. Although Centro provided long term weed control, the herbicides were able to provide early protection for the maize plants. The highest maize yield of 2.21 t/ha obtained from Primextra Gold (atrazine + metolachlor) at 4l/ha was significantly higher than yields from the other treatments. Yield reduction of 24.5, 27.7, 34.4, 40.8 and 94.2% was obtained in 1.6 l/ha Aminoforce, Centro, hand weeding, Puero and no weeding, respectively, when compared to maize yield from Primextra Gold. Key words: Mexican sunflower, cover crops, herbicides, hand weeding, weed control.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence herbicide produced taller maize plants at 8 and 12 WAS.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative effect of weed control methods on Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) in maize”
e1“Pre-emergence herbicide produced taller plants at 8 and 12 WAS and higher number of leaves at 12 WAS”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence herbicide produced a higher number of leaves at 12 WAS.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative effect of weed control methods on Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) in maize”
e1“Pre-emergence herbicide produced taller plants at 8 and 12 WAS and higher number of leaves at 12 WAS”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed biomass under hand weeding did not differ from no weeding despite two hand weedings.
- Treatment
- hand weedinge2
- Interactor
- Mexican sunflower
.jpg?width=60)
Tithonia rotundifoliat0weed - Outcome
- weed biomasse2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
- Comparator
- no weedinge2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Comparative effect of weed control methods on Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) in maize”
e2“Despite two hand weedings (at 2 and 5 WAS), the weed biomass of hand weeding treatment was not different from no weeding”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbicides and cover crops gave better weed control than both weed checks (hand weeding and no weeding) at 12 WAS.
- Treatment
- the two herbicides and the two cover crop treatmentse3
- Interactor
- Mexican sunflowerTithonia rotundifoliat0weed
- Outcome
- weed controle3
- Direction
- bettere3
- Comparator
- both weed checkse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative effect of weed control methods on Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) in maize”
e3“Higher weed densities produced by hand weeding and no weeding at 12 WAS indicated that the two herbicides and the two cover crop treatments gave better weed control than both weed checks”
Claim · model-written summary
Pre-emergence weed control was 4 times better than no weeding at 8 WAS.
- Treatment
- pre-emergencee4
- Interactor
- Mexican sunflowerTithonia rotundifoliat0weed
- Outcome
- Weed controle4
- Direction
- bettere4
- Value
- 4e4
- Qualifier
- at 8 WASe4
- Comparator
- no weedinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative effect of weed control methods on Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) in maize”
e4“Weed control was 4, 7 and 8 times better in pre-emergence, post-emergence and Centro; respectively, than no weeding at 8 WAS”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-emergence weed control was 7 times better than no weeding at 8 WAS.
- Treatment
- post-emergencee4
- Interactor
- Mexican sunflowerTithonia rotundifoliat0weed
- Outcome
- Weed controle4
- Direction
- bettere4
- Value
- 7e4
- Qualifier
- at 8 WASe4
- Comparator
- no weedinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative effect of weed control methods on Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) in maize”
e4“Weed control was 4, 7 and 8 times better in pre-emergence, post-emergence and Centro; respectively, than no weeding at 8 WAS”
Claim · model-written summary
Centro cover crop weed control was 8 times better than no weeding at 8 WAS.
- Treatment
- Centroe4
- Interactor
- Mexican sunflowerTithonia rotundifoliat0weed
- Outcome
- Weed controle4
- Direction
- bettere4
- Value
- 8e4
- Qualifier
- at 8 WASe4
- Comparator
- no weedinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative effect of weed control methods on Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) in maize”
e4“Weed control was 4, 7 and 8 times better in pre-emergence, post-emergence and Centro; respectively, than no weeding at 8 WAS”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize yield of 2.21 t/ha from Primextra Gold was significantly higher than yields from the other treatments.
- Treatment
- Primextra Gold (atrazine + metolachlor) at 4l/hae5
- Outcome
- maize yielde5
- Direction
- highere5
- Value
- 2.21 t/hae5
- Comparator
- other treatmentse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The highest maize yield of 2.21 t/ha obtained from Primextra Gold (atrazine + metolachlor) at 4l/ha was significantly higher than yields from the other treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Aminoforce at 1.6 l/ha reduced maize yield by 24.5% compared with Primextra Gold.
- Treatment
- 1.6 l/ha Aminoforcee6
- Outcome
- maize yielde6
- Direction
- reductione6
- Value
- 24.5e6
- Comparator
- Primextra Golde6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Yield reduction of 24.5, 27.7, 34.4, 40.8 and 94.2% was obtained in 1.6 l/ha Aminoforce, Centro, hand weeding, Puero and no weeding, respectively, when compared to maize yield from Primextra Gold”
Claim · model-written summary
Centro reduced maize yield by 27.7% compared with Primextra Gold.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Yield reduction of 24.5, 27.7, 34.4, 40.8 and 94.2% was obtained in 1.6 l/ha Aminoforce, Centro, hand weeding, Puero and no weeding, respectively, when compared to maize yield from Primextra Gold”
Claim · model-written summary
Hand weeding reduced maize yield by 34.4% compared with Primextra Gold.
- Treatment
- hand weedinge6
- Outcome
- maize yielde6
- Direction
- reductione6
- Value
- 34.4e6
- Comparator
- Primextra Golde6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Yield reduction of 24.5, 27.7, 34.4, 40.8 and 94.2% was obtained in 1.6 l/ha Aminoforce, Centro, hand weeding, Puero and no weeding, respectively, when compared to maize yield from Primextra Gold”
Claim · model-written summary
Puero reduced maize yield by 40.8% compared with Primextra Gold.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Yield reduction of 24.5, 27.7, 34.4, 40.8 and 94.2% was obtained in 1.6 l/ha Aminoforce, Centro, hand weeding, Puero and no weeding, respectively, when compared to maize yield from Primextra Gold”
Claim · model-written summary
No weeding reduced maize yield by 94.2% compared with Primextra Gold.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Yield reduction of 24.5, 27.7, 34.4, 40.8 and 94.2% was obtained in 1.6 l/ha Aminoforce, Centro, hand weeding, Puero and no weeding, respectively, when compared to maize yield from Primextra Gold”
Claim · model-written summary
Centro provided long term weed control.
- Treatment
- Centroe7
- Interactor
- Mexican sunflowerTithonia rotundifoliat0weed
- Outcome
- long term weed controle7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Comparative effect of weed control methods on Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) in maize”
e7“Although Centro provided long term weed control, the herbicides were able to provide early protection for the maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
The herbicides provided early protection for the maize plants.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Although Centro provided long term weed control, the herbicides were able to provide early protection for the maize plants”
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