Abstract
Abstract Additional active ingredients are needed for use in aquatic systems to respond to new threats or treatment scenarios, enhance selectivity, reduce use rates, and mitigate the risk of herbicide resistance. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl is a new synthetic auxin developed for use as an aquatic herbicide. A study was conducted at North Carolina State University in which 10 µg L −1 of 25% radiolabeled florpyrauxifen-benzyl was applied to the isolated shoot tissue of 10 different aquatic plant species to elucidate absorption and translocation patterns in these species. Extremely high levels of shoot absorption were observed for all species, and uptake was rapid. Highest shoot absorptions were observed for crested floatingheart [ Nymphoides cristata (Roxb.) Kuntze] (A 192 = 20 µg g −1 ), dioecious hydrilla [ Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle] (A 192 = 25.3 µg g −1 ), variable watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx.) (A 192 = 40.1 µg g −1 ), and Eurasian watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum L.) (A 192 = 25.3 µg g −1 ). Evidence of translocation was observed in all rooted species tested, with the greatest translocation observed in N. cristata (1.28 µg g −1 at 192 h after treatment). The results of this study add to the growing body of knowledge surrounding the behavior of this newly registered herbicide within aquatic plants.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Shoot absorption of florpyrauxifen-benzyl was extremely high in the aquatic plant species tested, and uptake was rapid.
Verbatim
e1“Extremely high levels of shoot absorption were observed for all species, and uptake was rapid”
e2“10 µg L −1 of 25% radiolabeled florpyrauxifen-benzyl was applied to the isolated shoot tissue of 10 different aquatic plant species”
Claim · model-written summary
Nymphoides cristata showed a shoot absorption of 20 µg g −1, among the highest of the species tested.
- Taxon
- Nymphoides cristata
Nymphoides cristatae3 - Outcome
- shoot absorptionse3
- Value
- 20 µg g −1e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Highest shoot absorptions were observed for crested floatingheart [ Nymphoides cristata (Roxb.) Kuntze] (A 192 = 20 µg g −1 ), dioecious hydrilla [ Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle] (A 192 = 25.3 µg g −1 ), variable watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx.) (A 192 = 40.1 µg g −1 ), and Eurasian watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum L.) (A 192 = 25.3 µg g −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrilla verticillata showed a shoot absorption of 25.3 µg g −1, among the highest of the species tested.
- Taxon
- Hydrilla verticillata
Hydrilla verticillatae3 - Outcome
- shoot absorptionse3
- Value
- 25.3 µg g −1e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Highest shoot absorptions were observed for crested floatingheart [ Nymphoides cristata (Roxb.) Kuntze] (A 192 = 20 µg g −1 ), dioecious hydrilla [ Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle] (A 192 = 25.3 µg g −1 ), variable watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx.) (A 192 = 40.1 µg g −1 ), and Eurasian watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum L.) (A 192 = 25.3 µg g −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Myriophyllum heterophyllum showed a shoot absorption of 40.1 µg g −1, among the highest of the species tested.
- Taxon
- Myriophyllum heterophyllum
Myriophyllum heterophyllume3 - Outcome
- shoot absorptionse3
- Value
- 40.1 µg g −1e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Highest shoot absorptions were observed for crested floatingheart [ Nymphoides cristata (Roxb.) Kuntze] (A 192 = 20 µg g −1 ), dioecious hydrilla [ Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle] (A 192 = 25.3 µg g −1 ), variable watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx.) (A 192 = 40.1 µg g −1 ), and Eurasian watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum L.) (A 192 = 25.3 µg g −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Myriophyllum spicatum showed a shoot absorption of 25.3 µg g −1, among the highest of the species tested.
- Taxon
- Myriophyllum spicatum
Myriophyllum spicatume3 - Outcome
- shoot absorptionse3
- Value
- 25.3 µg g −1e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Highest shoot absorptions were observed for crested floatingheart [ Nymphoides cristata (Roxb.) Kuntze] (A 192 = 20 µg g −1 ), dioecious hydrilla [ Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle] (A 192 = 25.3 µg g −1 ), variable watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx.) (A 192 = 40.1 µg g −1 ), and Eurasian watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum L.) (A 192 = 25.3 µg g −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
Translocation of florpyrauxifen-benzyl was observed in all rooted aquatic species tested.
Verbatim
e4“Evidence of translocation was observed in all rooted species tested”
Claim · model-written summary
Nymphoides cristata showed the greatest translocation, 1.28 µg g −1 at 192 h after treatment.
- Taxon
- N. cristataNymphoides cristatae5
- Outcome
- translocatione5
- Value
- 1.28 µg g −1e5
- Qualifier
- 192 h after treatmente5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“with the greatest translocation observed in N. cristata (1.28 µg g −1 at 192 h after treatment)”