Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of hydrolysable tannin (chestnut tannin, CHT) without or with condensed tannin (quebracho tannin, QT) for modulating alfalfa silage fermentation characteristics and in vitro ruminal methane (CH4) production, fermentation profile, and microbiota. Alfalfa (235 g/kg fresh weight) was ensiled with no tannins (control), 2% CHT (CHT2), 5% CHT (CHT5), the combination of CHT and QT at 1% each (CHQ2), and CHT and QT at 2.5% each (CHQ5) of forage dry matter (DM). The CHQ2 treatment was more effective in reducing DM losses, pH, and ammonia–nitrogen to total nitrogen ratios of alfalfa silage than CHT2 and CHT5 treatments. All tannin treatments decreased ruminal CH4 production, and the magnitude of the decrease was greater for the combinations than the individual ones. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and DM degradation decreased by tannin treatments, but microbial protein (MCP) synthesis increased. The total VFA concentrations and DM degradation were lower with CHQ2 treatment than with CHT5 and CHQ5 treatments, but the MCP concentrations were comparable among these treatments. Tannin inclusion decreased the abundance of the anaerobic fungi Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, but enhanced Fibrobacter succinogenes. The combination of CHT and QT alleviated the inhibition of CHT supply alone in Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminobacer amylophilus, and Prevotella ruminicola as well as protease. The results revealed that a combination of HT from CHT and CT from QT at a low level can reduce proteolysis and CH4 production of alfalfa silage without impairing ruminal fermentation and microbiota.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
CHQ2 was more effective than CHT2 and CHT5 in reducing alfalfa silage DM losses, pH and ammonia-nitrogen to total nitrogen ratio
- Taxon
- Alfalfa
Medicago sativat0 - Treatment
- CHQ2e5
- Outcome
- DM losses, pH, and ammonia–nitrogen to total nitrogen ratiose5
- Direction
- reducinge5
- Comparator
- CHT2 and CHT5e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on Alfalfa Silage Fermentation Characteristics”
e5“The CHQ2 treatment was more effective in reducing DM losses, pH, and ammonia–nitrogen to total nitrogen ratios of alfalfa silage than CHT2 and CHT5 treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
All tannin treatments decreased in vitro ruminal CH4 production of alfalfa silage relative to no tannins
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- tannin treatmentse1
- Outcome
- ruminal CH4 productione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Comparator
- no tannins (control)e0
- Setting
- In Vitrot1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on Alfalfa Silage Fermentation Characteristics”
t1“In Vitro Ruminal Methane Production”
e0“Alfalfa (235 g/kg fresh weight) was ensiled with no tannins (control)”
e1“All tannin treatments decreased ruminal CH4 production”
Claim · model-written summary
The decrease in ruminal CH4 production was greater for the combinations of tannins than for the individual tannins
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- combinationse2
- Outcome
- ruminal CH4 productione1
- Direction
- greatere2
- Comparator
- individual onese2
- Setting
- In Vitrot1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on Alfalfa Silage Fermentation Characteristics”
t1“In Vitro Ruminal Methane Production”
e1“All tannin treatments decreased ruminal CH4 production”
e2“the magnitude of the decrease was greater for the combinations than the individual ones”
Claim · model-written summary
Tannin treatments decreased total VFA concentrations and DM degradation in vitro
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- tannin treatmentse3
- Outcome
- Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and DM degradatione3
- Direction
- decreasede3
- Comparator
- no tannins (control)e0
- Setting
- In Vitrot1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on Alfalfa Silage Fermentation Characteristics”
t1“In Vitro Ruminal Methane Production”
e0“Alfalfa (235 g/kg fresh weight) was ensiled with no tannins (control)”
e3“Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and DM degradation decreased by tannin treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Tannin treatments increased microbial protein synthesis in vitro
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- tannin treatmentse3
- Outcome
- microbial protein (MCP) synthesise4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- no tannins (control)e0
- Setting
- In Vitrot1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on Alfalfa Silage Fermentation Characteristics”
t1“In Vitro Ruminal Methane Production”
e0“Alfalfa (235 g/kg fresh weight) was ensiled with no tannins (control)”
e3“Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and DM degradation decreased by tannin treatments”
e4“but microbial protein (MCP) synthesis increased”
Claim · model-written summary
CHQ2 gave lower total VFA concentrations and DM degradation than CHT5 and CHQ5 in vitro
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- CHQ2e6
- Outcome
- total VFA concentrations and DM degradatione6
- Direction
- lowere6
- Comparator
- CHT5 and CHQ5e6
- Setting
- In Vitrot1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on Alfalfa Silage Fermentation Characteristics”
t1“In Vitro Ruminal Methane Production”
e6“The total VFA concentrations and DM degradation were lower with CHQ2 treatment than with CHT5 and CHQ5 treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
MCP concentrations were comparable among CHQ2, CHT5 and CHQ5 in vitro
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- CHQ2e6
- Outcome
- MCP concentrationse7
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede7
- Comparator
- CHT5 and CHQ5e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on Alfalfa Silage Fermentation Characteristics”
e6“The total VFA concentrations and DM degradation were lower with CHQ2 treatment than with CHT5 and CHQ5 treatments”
e7“but the MCP concentrations were comparable among these treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
Tannin inclusion decreased the abundance of Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens in rumen fluid
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Tannin inclusione1
- Outcome
- abundancee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciense1
- Comparator
- no tannins (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on Alfalfa Silage Fermentation Characteristics”
e0“Alfalfa (235 g/kg fresh weight) was ensiled with no tannins (control)”
e1“Tannin inclusion decreased the abundance of the anaerobic fungi Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens”
Claim · model-written summary
Tannin inclusion enhanced the abundance of Fibrobacter succinogenes
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- Tannin inclusione1
- Outcome
- abundancee1
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Qualifier
- Fibrobacter succinogenese2
- Comparator
- no tannins (control)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on Alfalfa Silage Fermentation Characteristics”
e0“Alfalfa (235 g/kg fresh weight) was ensiled with no tannins (control)”
e1“Tannin inclusion decreased the abundance of the anaerobic fungi Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens”
e2“but enhanced Fibrobacter succinogenes”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of CHT and QT alleviated the inhibition by CHT alone of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminobacer amylophilus and Prevotella ruminicola
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- combination of CHT and QTe1
- Outcome
- inhibitione1
- Direction
- alleviatede1
- Qualifier
- Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminobacer amylophilus, and Prevotella ruminicolae1
- Comparator
- CHT supply alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on Alfalfa Silage Fermentation Characteristics”
e1“The combination of CHT and QT alleviated the inhibition of CHT supply alone in Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminobacer amylophilus, and Prevotella ruminicola”
Claim · model-written summary
The combination of CHT and QT alleviated the inhibition by CHT alone of protease
- Taxon
- AlfalfaMedicago sativat0
- Treatment
- combination of CHT and QTe1
- Outcome
- inhibitione1
- Direction
- alleviatede1
- Qualifier
- proteasee1
- Comparator
- CHT supply alonee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“on Alfalfa Silage Fermentation Characteristics”
e1“The combination of CHT and QT alleviated the inhibition of CHT supply alone in Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminobacer amylophilus, and Prevotella ruminicola as well as protease”