Abstract
The study is focused on impact of manure application, rice varieties and water management on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy rice soil in pot experiment. The objectives of this study were a) to assess the effect of different types of manure amendments and rice varieties on greenhouse gas emissions and b) to determine the optimum manure application rate to increase rice yield while mitigating GHG emissions under alternate wetting and drying irrigation in paddy rice production. The first pot experiment was conducted at the Department of Agronomy, Yezin Agricultural University, Myanmar, in the wet season from June to October 2016. Two different organic manures (compost and cow dung) and control (no manure), and two rice varieties; Manawthukha (135 days) and IR-50 (115 days), were tested. The results showed that cumulative CH4 emission from Manawthukha (1.084 g CH4 kg-1 soil) was significantly higher than that from IR-50 (0.683 g CH4 kg-1 soil) (P<0.0046) with yield increase (P<0.0164) because of the longer growth duration of the former. In contrast, higher cumulative nitrous oxide emissions were found for IR-50 (2.644 mg N2O kg-1 soil) than for Manawthukha (2.585 mg N2O kg-1 soil). However, IR-50 showed less global warming potential (GWP) than Manawthukha (P<0.0050). Although not significant, the numerically lowest CH4 and N2O emissions were observed in the cow dung manure treatment (0.808 g CH4 kg-1 soil, 2.135 mg N2O kg-1 soil) compared to those of the control and compost. To determine the effect of water management and organic manures on greenhouse gas emissions, second pot experiments were conducted in Madaya township during the dry and wet seasons from February to October 2017. Two water management practices {continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD)} and four cow dung manure rates {(1) 0 (2) 2.5 t ha-1 (3) 5 t ha-1 (4) 7.5 t ha-1} were tested. The different cow dung manure rates did not significantly affect grain yield or greenhouse gas emissions in this experiment. Across the manure treatments, AWD irrigation significantly reduced CH4 emissions by 70% during the dry season and 66% during the wet season. Although a relative increase in N2O emissions under AWD was observed in both rice seasons, the global warming potential was significantly reduced in AWD compared to CF in both seasons (P<0.0002, P<0.0000) according to reduced emission in CH4. Therefore, AWD is the effective mitigation practice for reducing GWP without compromising rice yield while manure amendment had no significant effect on GHG emission from paddy rice field. Besides, AWD saved water about 10% in dry season and 19% in wet season.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Manawthukha had higher cumulative CH4 emission than IR-50, 1.084 vs 0.683 g CH4 kg-1 soil.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Material
- Manawthukhae1
- Outcome
- cumulative CH4 emissione1
- Direction
- highere1
- Value
- 1.084 g CH4 kg-1 soile1
- Qualifier
- 0.683 g CH4 kg-1 soile1
- Comparator
- IR-50e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice varieties”
e1“cumulative CH4 emission from Manawthukha (1.084 g CH4 kg-1 soil) was significantly higher than that from IR-50 (0.683 g CH4 kg-1 soil) (P<0.0046) with yield increase (P<0.0164) because of the longer growth duration of the former”
Claim · model-written summary
IR-50 had higher cumulative nitrous oxide emission than Manawthukha, 2.644 vs 2.585 mg N2O kg-1 soil.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- IR-50e2
- Outcome
- cumulative nitrous oxide emissionse2
- Direction
- highere2
- Value
- 2.644 mg N2O kg-1 soile2
- Qualifier
- 2.585 mg N2O kg-1 soile2
- Comparator
- Manawthukhae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice varieties”
e2“higher cumulative nitrous oxide emissions were found for IR-50 (2.644 mg N2O kg-1 soil) than for Manawthukha (2.585 mg N2O kg-1 soil)”
Claim · model-written summary
Manawthukha had higher yield than IR-50 because of its longer growth duration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- Manawthukhae1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Qualifier
- because of the longer growth duratione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice varieties”
e1“cumulative CH4 emission from Manawthukha (1.084 g CH4 kg-1 soil) was significantly higher than that from IR-50 (0.683 g CH4 kg-1 soil) (P<0.0046) with yield increase (P<0.0164) because of the longer growth duration of the former”
Claim · model-written summary
IR-50 had less global warming potential than Manawthukha.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Material
- IR-50e3
- Outcome
- global warming potentiale3
- Direction
- lesse3
- Comparator
- Manawthukhae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice varieties”
e3“However, IR-50 showed less global warming potential (GWP) than Manawthukha (P<0.0050)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cow dung manure gave numerically the lowest CH4 emission compared with control and compost; not significant.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- cow dung manuree4
- Outcome
- CH4e4
- Direction
- numerically loweste4
- Value
- 0.808 g CH4 kg-1 soile4
- Comparator
- control and composte4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice varieties”
e4“Although not significant, the numerically lowest CH4 and N2O emissions were observed in the cow dung manure treatment (0.808 g CH4 kg-1 soil, 2.135 mg N2O kg-1 soil) compared to those of the control and compost”
Claim · model-written summary
Cow dung manure gave numerically the lowest N2O emission compared with control and compost; not significant.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- cow dung manuree4
- Outcome
- N2Oe4
- Direction
- numerically loweste4
- Value
- 2.135 mg N2O kg-1 soile4
- Comparator
- control and composte4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice varieties”
e4“Although not significant, the numerically lowest CH4 and N2O emissions were observed in the cow dung manure treatment (0.808 g CH4 kg-1 soil, 2.135 mg N2O kg-1 soil) compared to those of the control and compost”
Claim · model-written summary
Cow dung manure rates did not significantly affect grain yield or greenhouse gas emissions.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- cow dung manure ratese5
- Outcome
- grain yield or greenhouse gas emissionse5
- Direction
- did not significantly affecte5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice varieties”
e5“The different cow dung manure rates did not significantly affect grain yield or greenhouse gas emissions in this experiment”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD irrigation significantly reduced CH4 emissions by 70% in the dry season.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWD irrigatione6
- Outcome
- CH4 emissionse6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 70%e6
- Comparator
- continuous flooding (CF)e7
- Setting
- dry seasone6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice varieties”
e6“AWD irrigation significantly reduced CH4 emissions by 70% during the dry season and 66% during the wet season”
e7“{continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD)}”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD irrigation significantly reduced CH4 emissions by 66% in the wet season.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWD irrigatione6
- Outcome
- CH4 emissionse6
- Direction
- reducede6
- Value
- 66%e6
- Comparator
- continuous flooding (CF)e7
- Setting
- wet seasone6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice varieties”
e6“AWD irrigation significantly reduced CH4 emissions by 70% during the dry season and 66% during the wet season”
e7“{continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD)}”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD gave a relative increase in N2O emissions in both rice seasons.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe1
- Outcome
- N2O emissionse1
- Direction
- increasee1
- Comparator
- continuous flooding (CF)e7
- Setting
- both rice seasonse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice varieties”
e1“Although a relative increase in N2O emissions under AWD was observed in both rice seasons”
e7“{continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD)}”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD significantly reduced global warming potential compared with CF in both seasons, according to reduced CH4 emission.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe1
- Outcome
- global warming potentiale1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- according to reduced emission in CH4e1
- Comparator
- CFe1
- Setting
- both seasonse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice varieties”
e1“the global warming potential was significantly reduced in AWD compared to CF in both seasons (P<0.0002, P<0.0000) according to reduced emission in CH4”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend AWD as the effective mitigation practice for reducing GWP without compromising rice yield.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- AWDe1
- Outcome
- effective mitigation practice for reducing GWPe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“AWD is the effective mitigation practice for reducing GWP without compromising rice yield”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD saved about 10% water in the dry season.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe1
- Outcome
- watere1
- Direction
- savede1
- Value
- 10%e1
- Comparator
- continuous flooding (CF)e7
- Setting
- dry seasone1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice varieties”
e1“AWD saved water about 10% in dry season and 19% in wet season”
e7“{continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD)}”
Claim · model-written summary
AWD saved about 19% water in the wet season.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- AWDe1
- Outcome
- watere1
- Direction
- savede1
- Value
- 19%e1
- Comparator
- continuous flooding (CF)e7
- Setting
- wet seasone1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“rice varieties”
e1“AWD saved water about 10% in dry season and 19% in wet season”
e7“{continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD)}”
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