Abstract
Abstract BACKGROUND The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), is an invasive pest. Maize is one of its preferred host plants. The traditional application of granules has been effective for the control of FAW. Nevertheless, the challenge is to develop an application method that is less labor‐intensive and also efficient. RESULTS Tiny granules in the size range of 0.38–0.55 mm were prepared by the centrifugal granulation method for drone application. The in‐swath distribution patterns of granules deposited on sticky tapes were similar to the distribution of aqueous droplets through drone spraying. In the range of 1.5–3.5 m, a relatively higher aircraft height of flight can provide a more uniform distribution pattern of deposited granules, but resulted in less deposit of tiny granules in the whorl of maize plants. Similarly, the deposit of granules in the whorl of maize plants significantly decreased when the flight speed increased from 4 to 6 m s −1 . Granules gathered in the whorl accounted for 50.8–58.7% of total granules deposited in the maize canopy. The field experiment demonstrates granular formulations (containing 0.25% chlorantraniliprole + 0.15% emamectin benzoate, or higher concentrations) can provide better and longer duration of FAW control than the aqueous spray formulation at the whorl stage of maize plants. CONCLUSION Broadcasting of tiny granules by drone can provide better FAW control than liquid spray. The architecture of the maize plant and the downward airstream of the drone create favorable conditions for the deposition of granules in whorls. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Drone-broadcast granules deposited on sticky tapes showed a distribution pattern similar to that of drone-sprayed droplets.
- Outcome
- in‐swath distribution patterns of granulese1
- Comparator
- distribution of aqueous droplets through drone sprayinge1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of its preferred host plants”
e1“The in‐swath distribution patterns of granules deposited on sticky tapes were similar to the distribution of aqueous droplets through drone spraying”
Claim · model-written summary
A relatively higher aircraft height gave a more uniform distribution pattern of deposited granules.
- Treatment
- relatively higher aircraft height of flighte1
- Outcome
- uniform distribution pattern of deposited granulese1
- Direction
- more uniforme1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of its preferred host plants”
e1“a relatively higher aircraft height of flight can provide a more uniform distribution pattern of deposited granules”
Claim · model-written summary
A relatively higher aircraft height reduced the deposit of tiny granules in the maize whorl.
- Treatment
- relatively higher aircraft height of flighte1
- Outcome
- deposit of tiny granules in the whorl of maize plantse2
- Direction
- lesse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of its preferred host plants”
e1“a relatively higher aircraft height of flight can provide a more uniform distribution pattern of deposited granules”
e2“resulted in less deposit of tiny granules in the whorl of maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing flight speed from 4 to 6 m/s significantly decreased granule deposit in the maize whorl.
- Treatment
- flight speed increased from 4 to 6 m s −1e3
- Outcome
- deposit of granules in the whorl of maize plantse3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of its preferred host plants”
e3“the deposit of granules in the whorl of maize plants significantly decreased when the flight speed increased from 4 to 6 m s −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Granules gathered in the whorl were 50.8–58.7% of the total granules deposited in the maize canopy.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of its preferred host plants”
e4“Granules gathered in the whorl accounted for 50.8–58.7% of total granules deposited in the maize canopy”
Claim · model-written summary
Granular formulations gave better and longer-lasting FAW control than aqueous spray at the whorl stage.
- Treatment
- granular formulations (containing 0.25% chlorantraniliprole + 0.15% emamectin benzoate, or higher concentrations)e5
- Interactor
- FAWe5pest
- Outcome
- FAW controle5
- Direction
- bettere5
- Qualifier
- longer duratione5
- Comparator
- the aqueous spray formulatione5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maize is one of its preferred host plants”
e5“granular formulations (containing 0.25% chlorantraniliprole + 0.15% emamectin benzoate, or higher concentrations) can provide better and longer duration of FAW control than the aqueous spray formulation at the whorl stage of maize plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Maize plant architecture and drone downwash favour granule deposition in whorls.
- Outcome
- deposition of granules in whorlse6
- Qualifier
- The architecture of the maize plant and the downward airstream of the dronee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“The architecture of the maize plant and the downward airstream of the drone create favorable conditions for the deposition of granules in whorls”
The same questions in other papers
chlorantraniliprole · control · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
emamectin benzoate · control · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.