Abstract
Abstract In Louisiana, Cercospora leaf blight (CLB) of soybean is primarily caused by Cercospora cf. flagellaris , which can be detected in asymptomatic leaves as early as V3 (third trifoliate) growth stage, while symptoms appear around R5 (beginning seed). The fungus produces cercosporin, an important virulence factor, the in vitro production of which is significantly reduced in the absence of simple sugars. Our objective was to investigate the role of foliar simple sugars and endophytic bacteria in CLB symptom onset. C . cf. flagellaris was cultured in filter‐sterilized, untreated extracts made from asymptomatic R2 and R5 leaves; in extracts treated with chloroform to isolate hydrophilic molecules, including simple sugars; or with antibiotics to assess the role of endophytic bacteria. Endophytic bacteria were also isolated from leaves and leaf extracts and their interaction with C . cf. flagellaris was investigated. The fungus produced more cercosporin in total R5 and simple sugar‐amended R2 leaf extracts, than in R2 leaf extracts. Furthermore, it produced more cercosporin in chloroform‐treated R5 leaf extracts, which contained significantly higher levels of simple sugars, especially fructose, than the R2. To our knowledge, this is the first reported connection between foliar sugar content and cercosporin production. Additionally, morphologically diverse bacteria were isolated from different stages of soybean development. Also, bacterial endophytes in R5 leaf extracts and Paenibacillus polymyxa , isolated from R2 leaves, significantly reduced the growth of C . cf. flagellaris . These findings implicated soybean leaf fructose in CLB development and highlighted the potential of using foliar bacterial endophytes for CLB management.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Cercospora cf. flagellaris was detectable in asymptomatic soybean leaves from V3, while symptoms appeared near R5.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Interactor
- Cercospora cf. flagellaris
Cercospora cf. flagellarise0pathogen - Outcome
- detected in asymptomatic leaves as early as V3 (third trifoliate) growth stage, while symptoms appear around R5 (beginning seed)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cercospora cf. flagellaris , which can be detected in asymptomatic leaves as early as V3 (third trifoliate) growth stage, while symptoms appear around R5 (beginning seed)”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungus produced more cercosporin in R5 than R2 soybean leaf extracts.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- R5e0
- Outcome
- fungus produced more cercosporine0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- R2 leaf extractse0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungus produced more cercosporin in total R5 and simple sugar‐amended R2 leaf extracts, than in R2 leaf extracts”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungus produced more cercosporin in sugar-amended R2 than R2 soybean leaf extracts.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- simple sugar‐amended R2 leaf extractse0
- Outcome
- fungus produced more cercosporine0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- R2 leaf extractse0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungus produced more cercosporin in total R5 and simple sugar‐amended R2 leaf extracts, than in R2 leaf extracts”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloroform-treated R5 soybean extracts yielded more fungal cercosporin than R2 extracts.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- R5 leaf extractse0
- Outcome
- produced more cercosporine0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- the R2e0
Not reportedInteractor
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“it produced more cercosporin in chloroform‐treated R5 leaf extracts, which contained significantly higher levels of simple sugars, especially fructose, than the R2”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
R5 soybean leaf extracts contained significantly higher simple sugar levels, especially fructose, than R2.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- R5 leaf extractse0
- Outcome
- levels of simple sugars, especially fructosee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- the R2e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chloroform‐treated R5 leaf extracts, which contained significantly higher levels of simple sugars, especially fructose, than the R2”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Morphologically diverse bacteria were isolated at different soybean developmental stages.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Outcome
- morphologically diverse bacteria were isolatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“morphologically diverse bacteria were isolated from different stages of soybean development”
Claim · model-written summary
Bacterial endophytes from R5 soybean leaf extracts significantly reduced Cercospora growth.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- bacterial endophytes in R5 leaf extractse0
- Interactor
- C . cf. flagellarise0pathogen
- Second interactor
- bacterial endophytese0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- growth of C . cf. flagellarise0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bacterial endophytes in R5 leaf extracts and Paenibacillus polymyxa , isolated from R2 leaves, significantly reduced the growth of C . cf. flagellaris”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Paenibacillus polymyxa from R2 soybean leaves significantly reduced Cercospora growth.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Paenibacillus polymyxae0
- Interactor
- C . cf. flagellarise0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Paenibacillus polymyxa
Paenibacillus polymyxae0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- growth of C . cf. flagellarise0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Paenibacillus polymyxa , isolated from R2 leaves, significantly reduced the growth of C . cf. flagellaris”
t0“soybean”
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