Abstract
The present investigation entitled “Studies on insect-pests succession in tomato and management of fruit borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)” revealed that the population dynamics of whitefly, jassid, thrips, aphid and larvae of tomato fruit borer initiated after transplanting till harvest. Whitefly was appeared on the tomato crop at 36 SW with1.00 whitefly/ cage. Jassid and thrips were appeared on the tomato crop at 37 SW with 0.60 jassid/ cage and 2.00 thrips/ plant, respectively. Aphid was appeared on the tomato crop at 41 SW with 0.06 aphid/ plant, while larvae of tomato fruit borer was appeared on the tomato crop at 43 SW with 0.06 larvae/plant. The population of whitefly/cage, jassid/cage, thrips/plants, aphid/plant, larvae/ plant ranged between 0.60 to 6.13, 0.60 to 6.13, 0.20 to 3.86, 0.06 to 7.33, 0.06 to 4.06, respectively. Among the tested botanicals and insecticide, the treatment T7 (Spinosad 45% SC @ 75 g a.i./ha) was found most effective resulting in 100% reduction of larval population followed by NSKE 5% with 93.46%, Karanj seed extract 5% with 85.47%, Tobacco leaf extract 5% with 78.93%, Cannabis (bhang) leaf extract 5 % with 75.78%, Garlic extract 5 % with 66.10%, respectively. Whereas, Onion bulb extract 5% found least effective in which reduction of larval population was found 55.26%. The maximum yield of 213.43 q/ha was produced in treatment T7 (Spinosad 45% SC @ 75 g a.i./ha) followed by T1 (NSKE 5%) with 197.43 q/ha. The lowest yield of 127.25 q/ha was obtained from treatment T4 (Onion bulb extract 5%). The maximum B:C ratio of 17.93:1 was obtained in treatment T7 (Spinosad 45% SC @ 75 g a.i./ha) followed by T1 (NSKE 5%) with cost/benefit ratio of 9.55:1.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Whitefly appeared on the tomato crop at 36 SW, at 1.00 whitefly per cage.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Interactor
- whiteflye1pest
- Outcome
- Whitefly was appearede1
- Value
- 1.00 whitefly/ cagee1
- Qualifier
- at 36 SWe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“Whitefly was appeared on the tomato crop at 36 SW with1.00 whitefly/ cage”
Claim · model-written summary
Jassid appeared on the tomato crop at 37 SW, at 0.60 jassid per cage.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- jasside2pest
- Outcome
- Jassid and thrips were appearede2
- Value
- 0.60 jassid/ cagee2
- Qualifier
- at 37 SWe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e2“Jassid and thrips were appeared on the tomato crop at 37 SW with 0.60 jassid/ cage and 2.00 thrips/ plant, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Thrips appeared on the tomato crop at 37 SW, at 2.00 thrips per plant.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- Jassid and thrips were appearede2
- Value
- 2.00 thrips/ plante2
- Qualifier
- at 37 SWe2
ThripsOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e2“Jassid and thrips were appeared on the tomato crop at 37 SW with 0.60 jassid/ cage and 2.00 thrips/ plant, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphid appeared on the tomato crop at 41 SW, at 0.06 aphid per plant.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- aphide3pest
- Outcome
- Aphid was appearede3
- Value
- 0.06 aphid/ plante3
- Qualifier
- at 41 SWe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e3“Aphid was appeared on the tomato crop at 41 SW with 0.06 aphid/ plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit borer larvae appeared on the tomato crop at 43 SW, at 0.06 larvae per plant.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Helicoverpa armigera
_gusano_cogollero.png?width=60)
Helicoverpa armigerat1pest - Outcome
- larvae of tomato fruit borer was appearede4
- Value
- 0.06 larvae/plante4
- Qualifier
- at 43 SWe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_gusano_cogollero.png?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
t1“Helicoverpa armigera”
e4“larvae of tomato fruit borer was appeared on the tomato crop at 43 SW with 0.06 larvae/plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Whitefly population on tomato ranged between 0.60 and 6.13 per cage over the season.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- whiteflye5pest
- Outcome
- population of whitefly/cagee5
- Value
- 0.60 to 6.13e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e5“The population of whitefly/cage, jassid/cage, thrips/plants, aphid/plant, larvae/ plant ranged between 0.60 to 6.13, 0.60 to 6.13, 0.20 to 3.86, 0.06 to 7.33, 0.06 to 4.06, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Jassid population on tomato ranged between 0.60 and 6.13 per cage over the season.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- jasside5pest
- Outcome
- jassid/cagee5
- Value
- 0.60 to 6.13e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e5“The population of whitefly/cage, jassid/cage, thrips/plants, aphid/plant, larvae/ plant ranged between 0.60 to 6.13, 0.60 to 6.13, 0.20 to 3.86, 0.06 to 7.33, 0.06 to 4.06, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Thrips population on tomato ranged between 0.20 and 3.86 per plant over the season.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- thrips/plantse5
- Value
- 0.20 to 3.86e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e5“The population of whitefly/cage, jassid/cage, thrips/plants, aphid/plant, larvae/ plant ranged between 0.60 to 6.13, 0.60 to 6.13, 0.20 to 3.86, 0.06 to 7.33, 0.06 to 4.06, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphid population on tomato ranged between 0.06 and 7.33 per plant over the season.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- aphide5pest
- Outcome
- aphid/plante5
- Value
- 0.06 to 7.33e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e5“The population of whitefly/cage, jassid/cage, thrips/plants, aphid/plant, larvae/ plant ranged between 0.60 to 6.13, 0.60 to 6.13, 0.20 to 3.86, 0.06 to 7.33, 0.06 to 4.06, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit borer larval population on tomato ranged between 0.06 and 4.06 per plant over the season.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Helicoverpa armigeraHelicoverpa armigerat1pest
- Outcome
- larvae/ plante5
- Value
- 0.06 to 4.06e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
t1“Helicoverpa armigera”
e5“The population of whitefly/cage, jassid/cage, thrips/plants, aphid/plant, larvae/ plant ranged between 0.60 to 6.13, 0.60 to 6.13, 0.20 to 3.86, 0.06 to 7.33, 0.06 to 4.06, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad 45% SC at 75 g a.i./ha was the most effective of the tested botanicals and insecticide, giving 100% reduction of larval population.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Spinosad 45% SC @ 75 g a.i./ hae6
- Outcome
- larval populatione6
- Direction
- reductione6
- Value
- 100%e6
- Qualifier
- found most effectivee6
- Comparator
- tested botanicals and insecticidee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e6“Among the tested botanicals and insecticide, the treatment T7 (Spinosad 45% SC @ 75 g a.i./ ha) was found most effective resulting in 100% reduction of larval population”
Claim · model-written summary
NSKE 5% reduced larval population by 93.46%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- NSKE 5%e7
- Outcome
- larval populatione7
- Direction
- reductione7
- Value
- 93.46%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e7“100% reduction of larval population followed by NSKE 5% with 93.46%, Karanj seed extract 5% with 85.47%, Tobacco leaf extract 5% with 78.93%, Cannabis (bhang) leaf extract 5 % with 75.78%, Garlic extract 5 % with 66.10%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Karanj seed extract 5% reduced larval population by 85.47%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Karanj seed extract 5%e7
- Outcome
- larval populatione7
- Direction
- reductione7
- Value
- 85.47%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e7“100% reduction of larval population followed by NSKE 5% with 93.46%, Karanj seed extract 5% with 85.47%, Tobacco leaf extract 5% with 78.93%, Cannabis (bhang) leaf extract 5 % with 75.78%, Garlic extract 5 % with 66.10%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Tobacco leaf extract 5% reduced larval population by 78.93%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Tobacco leaf extract 5%e7
- Outcome
- larval populatione7
- Direction
- reductione7
- Value
- 78.93%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e7“100% reduction of larval population followed by NSKE 5% with 93.46%, Karanj seed extract 5% with 85.47%, Tobacco leaf extract 5% with 78.93%, Cannabis (bhang) leaf extract 5 % with 75.78%, Garlic extract 5 % with 66.10%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Cannabis (bhang) leaf extract 5% reduced larval population by 75.78%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Cannabis (bhang) leaf extract 5 %e7
- Outcome
- larval populatione7
- Direction
- reductione7
- Value
- 75.78%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e7“100% reduction of larval population followed by NSKE 5% with 93.46%, Karanj seed extract 5% with 85.47%, Tobacco leaf extract 5% with 78.93%, Cannabis (bhang) leaf extract 5 % with 75.78%, Garlic extract 5 % with 66.10%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic extract 5% reduced larval population by 66.10%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Garlic extract 5 %e7
- Outcome
- larval populatione7
- Direction
- reductione7
- Value
- 66.10%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e7“100% reduction of larval population followed by NSKE 5% with 93.46%, Karanj seed extract 5% with 85.47%, Tobacco leaf extract 5% with 78.93%, Cannabis (bhang) leaf extract 5 % with 75.78%, Garlic extract 5 % with 66.10%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Onion bulb extract 5% was the least effective treatment, reducing larval population by 55.26%.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Onion bulb extract 5%e7
- Outcome
- larval populatione7
- Direction
- reductione7
- Value
- 55.26%e7
- Qualifier
- least effectivee7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e7“Whereas, Onion bulb extract 5% found least effective in which reduction of larval population was found 55.26%”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad 45% SC treatment gave the maximum tomato yield, 213.43 q/ha.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Spinosad 45% SC @ 75 g a.i./hae1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 213.43 q/hae1
- Qualifier
- followed by T1 (NSKE 5%) with 197.43 q/hae1
- Comparator
- T1 (NSKE 5%)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“The maximum yield of 213.43 q/ha was produced in treatment T7 (Spinosad 45% SC @ 75 g a.i./ha) followed by T1 (NSKE 5%) with 197.43 q/ha”
Claim · model-written summary
Onion bulb extract 5% gave the lowest tomato yield, 127.25 q/ha.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Onion bulb extract 5%e1
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- loweste1
- Value
- 127.25 q/hae1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“The lowest yield of 127.25 q/ha was obtained from treatment T4 (Onion bulb extract 5%)”
Claim · model-written summary
Spinosad 45% SC treatment gave the maximum benefit-cost ratio, 17.93:1, above NSKE 5% at 9.55:1.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Spinosad 45% SC @ 75 g a.i./hae1
- Outcome
- B:C ratioe1
- Direction
- maximume1
- Value
- 17.93:1e1
- Qualifier
- cost/benefit ratio of 9.55:1e1
- Comparator
- T1 (NSKE 5%)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Tomato”
e1“The maximum B:C ratio of 17.93:1 was obtained in treatment T7 (Spinosad 45% SC @ 75 g a.i./ha) followed by T1 (NSKE 5%) with cost/benefit ratio of 9.55:1”
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