Abstract
Among heavy metals, chromium (Cr) contamination is increasing gradually due to the use of untreated industrial effluents for irrigation purposes, thereby posing a severe threat to crop production. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of compost, biochar (BC), and co-composted BC on the growth, physiological, biochemical attributes, and health risks associated with the consumption of Brassica grown on Cr-contaminated soil. Results revealed that Cr stress (Cr-25) significantly reduced the growth and physiological attributes and increased antioxidant enzyme activities in Brassica , but the applied amendments considerably retrieved the negative effects of Cr toxicity through improving the growth and physiology of plants. The maximum increase in plant height (75.3%), root length (151.0%), shoot dry weight (139.4%), root dry weight (158.5%), and photosynthetic rate (151.0%) was noted with the application of co-composted BC under Cr stress (Cr-25) in comparison to the control. The application of co-composted BC significantly reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, such as APX (42.5%), GP (45.1%), CAT (45.4%), GST (47.8%), GR (47.1%), and RG (48.2%), as compared to the control under Cr stress. The same treatment reduced the accumulation of Cr in grain, shoot, and roots of Brassica by 4.12, 2.27, and 2.17 times and enhanced the accumulation in soil by 1.52 times as compared to the control. Moreover, the application of co-composted BC significantly enhanced phytostabilization efficiency and reduced associated health risks with the consumption of Brassica . It is concluded that the application of co-composted BC in Cr-contaminated soil can significantly enhance the growth, physiological, and biochemical attributes of Brassica by reducing its uptake in plants and enhanced phytostabilization efficiency. The tested product may also help in restoring the soils contaminated with Cr.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress reduced growth and physiological attributes.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Cr stress (Cr-25) significantly reduced the growth and physiological attributes”
Claim · model-written summary
Chromium stress increased antioxidant enzyme activities.
BrassicaNot reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“increased antioxidant enzyme activities in Brassica”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar increased plant height by 75.3%.
- Treatment
- co-composted BCe0
- Outcome
- plant heighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 75.3%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“maximum increase in plant height (75.3%), root length (151.0%), shoot dry weight (139.4%), root dry weight (158.5%), and photosynthetic rate (151.0%) was noted with the application of co-composted BC under Cr stress (Cr-25) in comparison to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar increased root length by 151.0%.
- Treatment
- co-composted BCe0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 151.0%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“maximum increase in plant height (75.3%), root length (151.0%), shoot dry weight (139.4%), root dry weight (158.5%), and photosynthetic rate (151.0%) was noted with the application of co-composted BC under Cr stress (Cr-25) in comparison to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar increased shoot dry weight by 139.4%.
- Treatment
- co-composted BCe0
- Outcome
- shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 139.4%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“maximum increase in plant height (75.3%), root length (151.0%), shoot dry weight (139.4%), root dry weight (158.5%), and photosynthetic rate (151.0%) was noted with the application of co-composted BC under Cr stress (Cr-25) in comparison to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar increased root dry weight by 158.5%.
- Treatment
- co-composted BCe0
- Outcome
- root dry weighte0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 158.5%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“maximum increase in plant height (75.3%), root length (151.0%), shoot dry weight (139.4%), root dry weight (158.5%), and photosynthetic rate (151.0%) was noted with the application of co-composted BC under Cr stress (Cr-25) in comparison to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar increased photosynthetic rate by 151.0%.
- Treatment
- co-composted BCe0
- Outcome
- photosynthetic ratee0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 151.0%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“maximum increase in plant height (75.3%), root length (151.0%), shoot dry weight (139.4%), root dry weight (158.5%), and photosynthetic rate (151.0%) was noted with the application of co-composted BC under Cr stress (Cr-25) in comparison to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar reduced APX activity by 42.5%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“co-composted BC significantly reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, such as APX (42.5%), GP (45.1%), CAT (45.4%), GST (47.8%), GR (47.1%), and RG (48.2%), as compared to the control under Cr stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar reduced GP activity by 45.1%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“co-composted BC significantly reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, such as APX (42.5%), GP (45.1%), CAT (45.4%), GST (47.8%), GR (47.1%), and RG (48.2%), as compared to the control under Cr stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar reduced CAT activity by 45.4%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“co-composted BC significantly reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, such as APX (42.5%), GP (45.1%), CAT (45.4%), GST (47.8%), GR (47.1%), and RG (48.2%), as compared to the control under Cr stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar reduced GST activity by 47.8%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“co-composted BC significantly reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, such as APX (42.5%), GP (45.1%), CAT (45.4%), GST (47.8%), GR (47.1%), and RG (48.2%), as compared to the control under Cr stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar reduced GR activity by 47.1%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“co-composted BC significantly reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, such as APX (42.5%), GP (45.1%), CAT (45.4%), GST (47.8%), GR (47.1%), and RG (48.2%), as compared to the control under Cr stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar reduced RG activity by 48.2%.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“co-composted BC significantly reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, such as APX (42.5%), GP (45.1%), CAT (45.4%), GST (47.8%), GR (47.1%), and RG (48.2%), as compared to the control under Cr stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar reduced chromium accumulation in grain 4.12 times.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the accumulation of Cr in grain, shoot, and roots of Brassica by 4.12, 2.27, and 2.17 times”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar reduced chromium accumulation in shoot 2.27 times.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the accumulation of Cr in grain, shoot, and roots of Brassica by 4.12, 2.27, and 2.17 times”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar reduced chromium accumulation in roots 2.17 times.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced the accumulation of Cr in grain, shoot, and roots of Brassica by 4.12, 2.27, and 2.17 times”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar increased soil chromium accumulation 1.52 times.
Not reportedTaxonTreatment
Verbatim
e0“enhanced the accumulation in soil by 1.52 times as compared to the control”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar enhanced phytostabilization efficiency.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“co-composted BC significantly enhanced phytostabilization efficiency”
Claim · model-written summary
Co-composted biochar reduced health risks from consuming Brassica.
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“reduced associated health risks with the consumption of Brassica”
The same questions in other papers
chromium atom · growth · BrassicaResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
biochar · growth · BrassicaResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
heavy metal · growth · BrassicaResults agree
3 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.