Abstract
Roots are the most important plant organ for absorbing essential elements, such as water and nutrients for living. To develop new climate-resilient soybean cultivars, it is essential to know the variation in root morphological traits (RMT) among diverse soybean for selecting superior root attribute genotypes. However, information on root morphological characteristics is poorly understood due to difficulty in root data collection and visualization. Thus, to overcome this problem in root research, we used a 2-dimensional (2D) root image in identifying RMT among diverse soybeans in this research. We assessed RMT in the vegetative growth stage (V2) of 372 soybean cultivars propagated in polyvinyl chloride pipes. The phenotypic investigation revealed significant variability among the 372 soybean cultivars for RMT. In particular, RMT such as the average diameter (AD), surface area (SA), link average length (LAL), and link average diameter (LAD) showed significant variability. On the contrary RMT, as with total length (TL) and link average branching angle (LABA), did not show differences. Furthermore, in the distribution analysis, normal distribution was observed for all RMT; at the same time, difference was observed in the distribution curve depending on individual RMT. Thus, based on overall RMT analysis values, the top 5% and bottom 5% ranked genotypes were selected. Furthermore, genotypes that showed most consistent for overall RMT have ranked accordingly. This ultimately helps to identify four genotypes (IT 16538, IT 199127, IT 165432, IT 165282) ranked in the highest 5%, whereas nine genotypes (IT 23305, IT 208266, IT 165208, IT 156289, IT 165405, IT 165019, IT 165839, IT 203565, IT 181034) ranked in the lowest 5% for RMT. Moreover, principal component analysis clustered cultivar 2, cultivar 160, and cultivar 274 into one group with high RMT values, and cultivar 335, cultivar 40, and cultivar 249 with low RMT values. The RMT correlation results revealed significantly positive TL and AD correlations with SA (r = 0.96) and LAD (r = 0.85), respectively. However, negative correlations (r = -0.43) were observed between TL and AD. Similarly, AD showed a negative correlation (r = -0.22) with SA. Thus, this result suggests that TL is a more vital factor than AD for determining SA compositions.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Root morphology varied significantly among the 372 cultivars.
- Taxon
- Soybeans
Glycine maxt0 - Material
- 372 soybean cultivarse0
- Outcome
- RMTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The phenotypic investigation revealed significant variability among the 372 soybean cultivars for RMT.”
t0“Soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Average diameter, surface area, link average length, and link average diameter varied significantly.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- average diameter (AD), surface area (SA), link average length (LAL), and link average diameter (LAD)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“RMT such as the average diameter (AD), surface area (SA), link average length (LAL), and link average diameter (LAD) showed significant variability.”
t0“Soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total length and link average branching angle showed no differences.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- total length (TL) and link average branching angle (LABA)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“total length (TL) and link average branching angle (LABA), did not show differences.”
t0“Soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
All root traits were normally distributed, with differing distribution curves.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- normal distributione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“normal distribution was observed for all RMT; at the same time, difference was observed in the distribution curve depending on individual RMT.”
t0“Soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Four genotypes ranked in the highest 5% for root traits.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Material
- IT 16538, IT 199127, IT 165432, IT 165282e0
- Outcome
- ranked in the highest 5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“four genotypes (IT 16538, IT 199127, IT 165432, IT 165282) ranked in the highest 5%”
t0“Soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nine genotypes ranked in the lowest 5% for root traits.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Material
- IT 23305, IT 208266, IT 165208, IT 156289, IT 165405, IT 165019, IT 165839, IT 203565, IT 181034e0
- Outcome
- ranked in the lowest 5% for RMTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“nine genotypes (IT 23305, IT 208266, IT 165208, IT 156289, IT 165405, IT 165019, IT 165839, IT 203565, IT 181034) ranked in the lowest 5% for RMT.”
t0“Soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Three cultivars clustered with high root trait values.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Material
- cultivar 2, cultivar 160, and cultivar 274e0
- Outcome
- high RMT valuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cultivar 2, cultivar 160, and cultivar 274 into one group with high RMT values”
t0“Soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Three cultivars clustered with low root trait values.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Material
- cultivar 335, cultivar 40, and cultivar 249e0
- Outcome
- low RMT valuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cultivar 335, cultivar 40, and cultivar 249 with low RMT values”
t0“Soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total length correlated positively with surface area (r = 0.96).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly positive TL and AD correlations with SA (r = 0.96) and LAD (r = 0.85)”
t0“Soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Average diameter correlated positively with link average diameter (r = 0.85).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly positive TL and AD correlations with SA (r = 0.96) and LAD (r = 0.85)”
t0“Soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total length and average diameter were negatively correlated (r = -0.43).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“negative correlations (r = -0.43) were observed between TL and AD.”
t0“Soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Average diameter correlated negatively with surface area (r = -0.22).
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AD showed a negative correlation (r = -0.22) with SA.”
t0“Soybeans (Glycine max L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Total length was suggested to be more important than average diameter for surface area.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- TLe0
- Outcome
- SA compositionse0
- Direction
- more vitale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“TL is a more vital factor than AD for determining SA compositions.”
t0“Soybeans (Glycine max L.)”