Abstract
Abstract Background This study investigated the effects of ethylene release compounds (ethephon), ethylene-action inhibitors (silver thiosulfate: STS), and nitric oxide donor (sodium nitroprusside: SNP) on stem bending of snapdragon flowers. Moreover, the effects of plant growth supplements [6-benzyladenine (BA), gibberellic acid 3 (GA 3 ), and calcium chloride (CaCl 2 )] on the stem bending were also extensively investigated. Results Ethephon completely prevented stem bending until 9 days after treatment (9 DAT). STS exhibited the highest bending rate, while SNP did not significantly affect the bending compared to the controls. The bending results were associated with the results of stem curvature, relative shoot elongation, ethylene production, and lignin content, that are involved in the stem bending mechanism. This was proven by the expression analysis of genes involved in ethylene and lignin biosynthetic pathways. The addition of plant growth supplements slightly or significantly delayed stem bending in the treatments (control, SNP, and STS) and significantly reduced petal senescence in ethephon at 9 DAT. Conclusion These results show the preventive role of ethephon in the stem bending of cut snapdragon. Moreover, the combination of ethephon with supplements also provided information that could guide the development of strategies to delay stem bending in other cut flowers that undergo serious bending during a short vase life.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon prevented stem bending until day 9.
- Taxon
- snapdragon
Antirrhinum majust0 - Treatment
- Ethephone0
- Outcome
- stem bendinge0
- Direction
- preventede0
- Qualifier
- until 9 days after treatment (9 DAT)e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon completely prevented stem bending until 9 days after treatment (9 DAT)”
t0“snapdragon flower”
Claim · model-written summary
STS produced the highest bending rate.
- Taxon
- snapdragonAntirrhinum majust0
- Treatment
- STSe0
- Outcome
- bending ratee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“STS exhibited the highest bending rate”
t0“snapdragon flower”
Claim · model-written summary
SNP did not significantly affect bending relative to controls.
- Taxon
- snapdragonAntirrhinum majust0
- Treatment
- SNPe0
- Outcome
- bendinge0
- Direction
- did not significantly affecte0
- Comparator
- the controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SNP did not significantly affect the bending compared to the controls”
t0“snapdragon flower”
Claim · model-written summary
Bending was associated with stem curvature, relative shoot elongation, ethylene production and lignin content.
- Taxon
- snapdragonAntirrhinum majust0
- Organ / stage
- steme0
- Outcome
- bending resultse0
- Qualifier
- stem curvature, relative shoot elongation, ethylene production, and lignin contente0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The bending results were associated with the results of stem curvature, relative shoot elongation, ethylene production, and lignin content”
t0“snapdragon flower”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth supplements delayed stem bending in control, SNP and STS treatments.
- Taxon
- snapdragonAntirrhinum majust0
- Treatment
- plant growth supplementse0
- Outcome
- stem bendinge0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Comparator
- control, SNP, and STSe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of plant growth supplements slightly or significantly delayed stem bending in the treatments (control, SNP, and STS)”
t0“snapdragon flower”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth supplements reduced petal senescence with ethephon at day 9.
- Taxon
- snapdragonAntirrhinum majust0
- Treatment
- plant growth supplementse1
- Outcome
- petal senescencee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- at 9 DATe0
- Comparator
- ethephone0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“significantly reduced petal senescence in ethephon at 9 DAT”
t0“snapdragon flower”
e1“The addition of plant growth supplements slightly or significantly delayed stem bending in the treatments (control, SNP, and STS) and significantly reduced petal senescence in ethephon at 9 DAT”