Abstract
This study quantified the temporal productivity of monocultures of four annual and two perennial clover species in a summer dry environment at Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. Clovers were ungrazed in the first year to enable natural re-establishment of the annuals, but grazed in the second year. In 2019 clover cultivar affected (P<0.001) yield in early spring (24th September) with ‘Viper’ balansa (Trifolium michelianum) producing 5.0 t DM/ha compared (P<0.05) with 3.5 t for ‘Arrotas’ arrowleaf (T. vesiculosum), 3.2 t for ‘Antas’ and ‘Woogenellup’ sub clovers (T. subterraneum), 1.6 t for ‘Kopu’ white clover (T. repens) and 1.2 t for ‘Relish’ red clover (T. pratense). ‘Arrotas’ grew 111 kg DM/ha/d from 14th to 28th August, ‘Viper’ grew 123 kg DM/ha/d from 28th August to 24th September and then 183 kg DM/d to 9th October. After a dry autumn in 2020, ‘Kopu’ white and ‘Relish’ red persisted, but only sub clovers ‘Napier’ and ‘Woogenellup’ successfully re-established. By 17th September, accumulated dry matter yield (t) differed with ‘Woogenellup’ sub (4.3) and ‘Relish’ red (3.7) producing more than ‘Kopu’ white (2.8) and ‘Napier’ sub (2.2). ‘Woogenellup’ sub clover grew at 72 kg/ha/day from 20th August to 17th September, which was more than twice the rate of the other clovers (~30 kg/ha/day). These four clovers continued to provide grazable herbage through the second year. In 2020 the re-establishment of arrowleaf, balansa and Persian (T. resupinatum) clovers was poor, and each yielded <0.5 t/ha by 17th September, with their plots dominated by weeds. These results confirm monocultures of top flowering annual clovers are productive in their first year but poor re-establishment may occur in their second year. They may therefore be best suited as one-year specialised crops for grazing or conserved feed. The earlier growth profiles of the annual compared with perennial clovers suggests there is potential to increase their use in summer dry environments to meet early spring feed requirements of ewes and lambs.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Viper balansa produced 5.0 t DM/ha in early spring yield.
- Taxon
- Trifolium michelianum
Trifolium michelianume1 - Material
- Vipere1
- Outcome
- yield in early springe2
- Value
- 5.0 t DM/hae1
- Setting
- Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealande0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“annual and perennial clovers”
e0“in a summer dry environment at Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand”
e1“‘Viper’ balansa (Trifolium michelianum) producing 5.0 t DM/ha”
e2“clover cultivar affected (P<0.001) yield in early spring (24th September)”
Claim · model-written summary
Arrotas arrowleaf clover produced 3.5 t DM/ha in early spring yield.
- Taxon
- T. vesiculosum
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Trifolium vesiculosume3 - Material
- Arrotase3
- Outcome
- yield in early springe2
- Value
- 3.5 te3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“annual and perennial clovers”
e2“clover cultivar affected (P<0.001) yield in early spring (24th September)”
e3“3.5 t for ‘Arrotas’ arrowleaf (T. vesiculosum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Antas sub clover produced 3.2 t DM/ha in early spring yield, the same as Woogenellup sub clover.
- Taxon
- T. subterraneum
Trifolium subterraneume4 - Material
- Antase4
- Outcome
- yield in early springe2
- Value
- 3.2 te4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“annual and perennial clovers”
e2“clover cultivar affected (P<0.001) yield in early spring (24th September)”
e4“3.2 t for ‘Antas’ and ‘Woogenellup’ sub clovers (T. subterraneum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Kopu white clover produced 1.6 t DM/ha in early spring yield.
- Taxon
- T. repens
Trifolium repense5 - Material
- Kopue5
- Outcome
- yield in early springe2
- Value
- 1.6 te5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“annual and perennial clovers”
e2“clover cultivar affected (P<0.001) yield in early spring (24th September)”
e5“1.6 t for ‘Kopu’ white clover (T. repens)”
Claim · model-written summary
Relish red clover produced 1.2 t DM/ha in early spring yield.
- Taxon
- T. pratense
Trifolium pratensee6 - Material
- Relishe6
- Outcome
- yield in early springe2
- Value
- 1.2 te6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“annual and perennial clovers”
e2“clover cultivar affected (P<0.001) yield in early spring (24th September)”
e6“1.2 t for ‘Relish’ red clover (T. pratense)”
Claim · model-written summary
Arrotas arrowleaf clover grew 111 kg DM/ha/d from 14 to 28 August.
TrifoliumOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“annual and perennial clovers”
e7“‘Arrotas’ grew 111 kg DM/ha/d from 14th to 28th August”
Claim · model-written summary
Viper balansa grew 123 kg DM/ha/d from 28 August to 24 September.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“annual and perennial clovers”
e1“‘Viper’ grew 123 kg DM/ha/d from 28th August to 24th September”
Claim · model-written summary
Viper balansa grew 183 kg DM/d from 24 September to 9 October.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“annual and perennial clovers”
e1“‘Viper’ grew 123 kg DM/ha/d from 28th August to 24th September”
e2“then 183 kg DM/d to 9th October”
Claim · model-written summary
Kopu white and Relish red clover persisted after a dry autumn in 2020.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“annual and perennial clovers”
e1“After a dry autumn in 2020, ‘Kopu’ white and ‘Relish’ red persisted”
Claim · model-written summary
Only the sub clovers Napier and Woogenellup successfully re-established after the dry autumn of 2020.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“annual and perennial clovers”
e1“only sub clovers ‘Napier’ and ‘Woogenellup’ successfully re-established”
Claim · model-written summary
By 17 September Woogenellup sub clover had accumulated 4.3 t dry matter yield, more than Kopu white clover at 2.8.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“annual and perennial clovers”
e1“By 17th September, accumulated dry matter yield (t) differed with ‘Woogenellup’ sub (4.3) and ‘Relish’ red (3.7) producing more than ‘Kopu’ white (2.8) and ‘Napier’ sub (2.2)”
Claim · model-written summary
By 17 September Relish red clover had accumulated 3.7 t dry matter yield.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“annual and perennial clovers”
e1“By 17th September, accumulated dry matter yield (t) differed with ‘Woogenellup’ sub (4.3) and ‘Relish’ red (3.7) producing more than ‘Kopu’ white (2.8) and ‘Napier’ sub (2.2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Woogenellup sub clover grew at 72 kg/ha/day, more than twice the rate of the other clovers.
- Material
- Woogenellupe1
- Outcome
- grewe1
- Value
- 72 kg/ha/daye1
- Qualifier
- ~30 kg/ha/daye1
- Comparator
- other cloverse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“annual and perennial clovers”
e1“‘Woogenellup’ sub clover grew at 72 kg/ha/day from 20th August to 17th September, which was more than twice the rate of the other clovers (~30 kg/ha/day)”
Claim · model-written summary
Arrowleaf, balansa and Persian clovers re-established poorly in 2020 and each yielded below 0.5 t/ha by 17 September.
- Taxon
- T. resupinatum
Trifolium resupinatume1 - Outcome
- re-establishmente1
- Value
- <0.5 t/hae1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“annual and perennial clovers”
e1“In 2020 the re-establishment of arrowleaf, balansa and Persian (T. resupinatum) clovers was poor, and each yielded <0.5 t/ha by 17th September”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual clovers may be best suited as one-year specialised crops for grazing or conserved feed.
- Outcome
- one-year specialised crops for grazing or conserved feede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“annual and perennial clovers”
e1“They may therefore be best suited as one-year specialised crops for grazing or conserved feed”