Abstract
Abstract Agricultural water rationalization expressed in irrigating the plants below their requirements became a significant strategy in crop water management. However, reduction in crop productivity under low water supply is realized. Therefore, the current study aimed to diminish sunflower yield losses associated with deficit irrigation using salicylic acid (SA). During two seasons of 2019 and 2020 at El Nubaria region, El Behaira Governorate, Egypt, combinations of three irrigation regimes (100, 85 and 70% of crop evapotranspiration, denoted WR 100% , WR 85% , and WR 70% , respectively), and three levels of SA (0.0, 0.5, and 1 mM. abbreviated as SA 0.0 , SA 0.5 , and SA 1.0 , respectively) on sunflower plants performance were evaluated. Treatments were arranged in a strip–plot design with three replicates. Findings revealed that treated sunflower plants with WR 100% × SA 1.0 contained the highest amounts of total chlorophyll and carotenoids as well as the lowest proline content. Seed yield of WR 100% × SA 1.0 treatment was higher than that of WR 70% × SA 0.0 by 109.7% in the first season and 125.9% in the second one. As averages of the two seasons, SA 0.5 and SA 1.0 lowered the reductions in seed yield from 21.0% to 15.8 and 14.4% as well as 46.2% to 40.8 and 40.1% under WR 85% and WR 70% , respectively, compared to the farmer common practice (WR 100% × SA 0.0 ). WR 100% × SA 1.0 for iodine value as well as WR 100% × SA 1.0 and WR 100% × SA 0.5 for seed oil % were recorded the highest. Application of WR 100% × SA 1.0 and WR 100% × SA 0.5 were the effective combinations for ameliorating water use efficiency. In conclusion, involving salicylic acid in irrigation programs of sunflower became a decisive action to save water and alleviate the yield losses resulting from drought stress.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
WR 100% × SA 1.0 gave sunflower the highest total chlorophyll and carotenoid amounts.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuuse0 - Treatment
- WR 100% × SA 1.0e0
- Outcome
- total chlorophyll and carotenoidse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Findings revealed that treated sunflower plants with WR 100% × SA 1.0 contained the highest amounts of total chlorophyll and carotenoids as well as the lowest proline content.”
Claim · model-written summary
WR 100% × SA 1.0 gave sunflower the lowest proline content.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- WR 100% × SA 1.0e0
- Outcome
- proline contente0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Findings revealed that treated sunflower plants with WR 100% × SA 1.0 contained the highest amounts of total chlorophyll and carotenoids as well as the lowest proline content.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower seed yield under WR 100% × SA 1.0 exceeded WR 70% × SA 0.0 by 109.7% in the first season.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- WR 100% × SA 1.0e0
- Outcome
- Seed yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 109.7%e0
- Qualifier
- first seasone0
- Comparator
- WR 70% × SA 0.0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed yield of WR 100% × SA 1.0 treatment was higher than that of WR 70% × SA 0.0 by 109.7% in the first season and 125.9% in the second one.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower seed yield under WR 100% × SA 1.0 exceeded WR 70% × SA 0.0 by 125.9% in the second one.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- WR 100% × SA 1.0e0
- Outcome
- Seed yielde0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 125.9%e0
- Qualifier
- second onee0
- Comparator
- WR 70% × SA 0.0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed yield of WR 100% × SA 1.0 treatment was higher than that of WR 70% × SA 0.0 by 109.7% in the first season and 125.9% in the second one.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
SA 0.5 lowered the sunflower seed yield reduction under WR 85% to 15.8% relative to farmer practice.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- SA 0.5e0
- Outcome
- reductions in seed yielde0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 15.8e0
- Qualifier
- WR 85%e0
- Comparator
- WR 100% × SA 0.0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As averages of the two seasons, SA 0.5 and SA 1.0 lowered the reductions in seed yield from 21.0% to 15.8 and 14.4% as well as 46.2% to 40.8 and 40.1% under WR 85% and WR 70% , respectively, compared to the farmer common practice (WR 100% × SA 0.0 ).”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
SA 1.0 lowered the sunflower seed yield reduction under WR 85% to 14.4% relative to farmer practice.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- SA 1.0e0
- Outcome
- reductions in seed yielde0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 14.4%e0
- Qualifier
- WR 85%e0
- Comparator
- WR 100% × SA 0.0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As averages of the two seasons, SA 0.5 and SA 1.0 lowered the reductions in seed yield from 21.0% to 15.8 and 14.4% as well as 46.2% to 40.8 and 40.1% under WR 85% and WR 70% , respectively, compared to the farmer common practice (WR 100% × SA 0.0 ).”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
SA 0.5 lowered the sunflower seed yield reduction under WR 70% to 40.8% relative to farmer practice.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- SA 0.5e0
- Outcome
- reductions in seed yielde0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 40.8e0
- Qualifier
- WR 70%e0
- Comparator
- WR 100% × SA 0.0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As averages of the two seasons, SA 0.5 and SA 1.0 lowered the reductions in seed yield from 21.0% to 15.8 and 14.4% as well as 46.2% to 40.8 and 40.1% under WR 85% and WR 70% , respectively, compared to the farmer common practice (WR 100% × SA 0.0 ).”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
SA 1.0 lowered the sunflower seed yield reduction under WR 70% to 40.1% relative to farmer practice.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- SA 1.0e0
- Outcome
- reductions in seed yielde0
- Direction
- lowerede0
- Value
- 40.1%e0
- Qualifier
- WR 70%e0
- Comparator
- WR 100% × SA 0.0e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“As averages of the two seasons, SA 0.5 and SA 1.0 lowered the reductions in seed yield from 21.0% to 15.8 and 14.4% as well as 46.2% to 40.8 and 40.1% under WR 85% and WR 70% , respectively, compared to the farmer common practice (WR 100% × SA 0.0 ).”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
WR 100% × SA 1.0 had the highest sunflower iodine value.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- WR 100% × SA 1.0e0
- Outcome
- iodine valuee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WR 100% × SA 1.0 for iodine value as well as WR 100% × SA 1.0 and WR 100% × SA 0.5 for seed oil % were recorded the highest.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
WR 100% × SA 1.0 had the highest sunflower seed oil %.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- WR 100% × SA 1.0e0
- Outcome
- seed oil %e0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WR 100% × SA 1.0 for iodine value as well as WR 100% × SA 1.0 and WR 100% × SA 0.5 for seed oil % were recorded the highest.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
WR 100% × SA 0.5 had the highest sunflower seed oil %.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- WR 100% × SA 0.5e0
- Outcome
- seed oil %e0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“WR 100% × SA 1.0 for iodine value as well as WR 100% × SA 1.0 and WR 100% × SA 0.5 for seed oil % were recorded the highest.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
WR 100% × SA 1.0 ameliorated sunflower water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- WR 100% × SA 1.0e0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- amelioratinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of WR 100% × SA 1.0 and WR 100% × SA 0.5 were the effective combinations for ameliorating water use efficiency.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
WR 100% × SA 0.5 ameliorated sunflower water use efficiency.
- Taxon
- SunflowerHelianthus annuust0
- Treatment
- WR 100% × SA 0.5e0
- Outcome
- water use efficiencye0
- Direction
- amelioratinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of WR 100% × SA 1.0 and WR 100% × SA 0.5 were the effective combinations for ameliorating water use efficiency.”
t0“Sunflower”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend salicylic acid in sunflower irrigation programs to save water and alleviate drought-related yield loss.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Outcome
- involving salicylic acid in irrigation programs of sunflowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In conclusion, involving salicylic acid in irrigation programs of sunflower became a decisive action to save water and alleviate the yield losses resulting from drought stress.”
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