Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) contaminated soils have increased recently, resulting in limited crop productivity. The ameliorative role of potassium (K) and silicon (Si) is well established in plants under heavy metals stress; however, their combined role under the co-contamination of Cd and Pb is not well understood. We hypothesized that the synergistic application of K and Si would be more effective than their sole treatment for increasing the Pb and Cd tolerance and phytostabilization potential of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). In the current study, quinoa genotype ‘Puno’ was exposed to different concentrations of Cd (0, 200 µM), Pb (0, 500 µM) and their combination with or without 10 mM K and 1.0 mM Si supplementation. The results revealed that the combined stress of Cd and Pb was more detrimental than their separate application to plant biomass (66% less than the control), chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance. Higher accumulation of Pb and Cd led to a limited uptake of K and Si in quinoa plants. The supplementation of metal-stressed plants with 10 mM K and 1.0 mM Si, particularly in combination, caused a significant increase in the growth, stomatal conductance and pigment content of plants. The combined stress of Cd and Pb resulted in an overproduction of H2O2 (11-fold) and TBARS (13-fold) and a decrease in membrane stability (59%). Oxidative stress induced by metals was lessened by 8-fold, 9-fold, 7-fold and 11-fold increases in SOD, CAT, APX and POD activities, respectively, under the combined application of K and Si. It is concluded that the exogenous supply of K and Si in combination is very promising for increasing Cd and Pb tolerance and the phytostabilization potential of quinoa.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Cd and Pb stress reduced quinoa biomass by 66% versus control and was more detrimental than separate exposure.
- Taxon
- quinoa
Chenopodium quinoat0 - Treatment
- combined stress of Cd and Pbe0
- Outcome
- plant biomasse0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Value
- 66%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed that the combined stress of Cd and Pb was more detrimental than their separate application to plant biomass (66% less than the control)”
t0“Quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Cd and Pb stress was more detrimental to chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance than separate exposure.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined stress of Cd and Pbe0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll content and stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- more detrimentale0
- Comparator
- their separate applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The results revealed that the combined stress of Cd and Pb was more detrimental than their separate application to plant biomass (66% less than the control), chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance”
t0“Quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher Pb and Cd accumulation limited K and Si uptake in quinoa.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoae0
- Compound
- Pb and Cde0
- Outcome
- uptake of K and Sie0
- Direction
- limitede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Higher accumulation of Pb and Cd led to a limited uptake of K and Si in quinoa plants”
Claim · model-written summary
K and Si supplementation significantly increased growth, stomatal conductance and pigment content in metal-stressed quinoa, especially together.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- 10 mM K and 1.0 mM Sie0
- Outcome
- growth, stomatal conductance and pigment contente0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- particularly in combinatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The supplementation of metal-stressed plants with 10 mM K and 1.0 mM Si, particularly in combination, caused a significant increase in the growth, stomatal conductance and pigment content of plants”
t0“Quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Cd and Pb stress increased H2O2 production 11-fold.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined stress of Cd and Pbe0
- Outcome
- overproduction of H2O2e0
- Direction
- overproductione0
- Value
- 11-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined stress of Cd and Pb resulted in an overproduction of H2O2 (11-fold)”
t0“Quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Cd and Pb stress increased TBARS 13-fold.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined stress of Cd and Pbe0
- Outcome
- TBARSe0
- Direction
- increaseinferrede0
- Value
- 13-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The combined stress of Cd and Pb resulted in an overproduction of H2O2 (11-fold) and TBARS (13-fold)”
t0“Quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined Cd and Pb stress decreased membrane stability by 59%.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined stress of Cd and Pbe1
- Outcome
- membrane stabilitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 59%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a decrease in membrane stability (59%)”
t0“Quinoa”
e1“The combined stress of Cd and Pb resulted in an overproduction”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined K and Si application increased SOD activity eightfold under metal stress.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined application of K and Sie0
- Outcome
- SODe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 8-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oxidative stress induced by metals was lessened by 8-fold, 9-fold, 7-fold and 11-fold increases in SOD, CAT, APX and POD activities, respectively, under the combined application of K and Si”
t0“Quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined K and Si application increased CAT activity ninefold under metal stress.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined application of K and Sie0
- Outcome
- CATe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 9-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oxidative stress induced by metals was lessened by 8-fold, 9-fold, 7-fold and 11-fold increases in SOD, CAT, APX and POD activities, respectively, under the combined application of K and Si”
t0“Quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined K and Si application increased APX activity sevenfold under metal stress.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined application of K and Sie0
- Outcome
- APXe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 7-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oxidative stress induced by metals was lessened by 8-fold, 9-fold, 7-fold and 11-fold increases in SOD, CAT, APX and POD activities, respectively, under the combined application of K and Si”
t0“Quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined K and Si application increased POD activity elevenfold under metal stress.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoat0
- Treatment
- combined application of K and Sie0
- Outcome
- PODe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 11-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Oxidative stress induced by metals was lessened by 8-fold, 9-fold, 7-fold and 11-fold increases in SOD, CAT, APX and POD activities, respectively, under the combined application of K and Si”
t0“Quinoa”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend combined exogenous K and Si to improve quinoa Cd and Pb tolerance and phytostabilization.
- Taxon
- quinoaChenopodium quinoae0
- Treatment
- exogenous supply of K and Si in combinatione0
- Outcome
- increasing Cd and Pb tolerance and the phytostabilization potentiale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the exogenous supply of K and Si in combination is very promising for increasing Cd and Pb tolerance and the phytostabilization potential of quinoa”
The same questions in other papers
cadmium atom · growth · Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
silicon atom · physiology: gas exchange · Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
silicon atom · physiology: antioxidant enzymes · Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
cadmium atom · physiology: gas exchange · Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
cadmium atom · physiology: oxidative · Chenopodium quinoa (quinoa)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.